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Microeconomics 2nd Test
Microeconomics 2nd Test and Definitions
93
Economics
Undergraduate 3
08/16/2009

Additional Economics Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
MC curve intersect AVC and ATC curves at
Definition
their minimum
Term
The four market models are
Definition
  • Pure competition
  • Pure monopoly
  • Monopolisitc competition
  • Oligopoly
Term
Pure competition
Definition

market structure in which thousands of firms each produce a tiny fraction of the market supply.

  • very large number of firms
  • no control over price
  • very easy to enter
Term
The demand curve faced by the individual firm in a purely competitive industry is
Definition
perfectly elastic at the market price
Term
pure competition is a ________ and cannot influence the market place
Definition
price taker
Term
In a purely competitive market, if the market supply increases the market price...
Definition
falls since it is a price take, it has no choice but to charge the lowest price for its product
Term
Marginal Revenue
Definition
the change in total revenue (or the extra revenue) that results from selling one more unit of output
Term
Marginal Revenue is _____ at the demand price
Definition
constant, each additional unit of output produced add the same amount to total revenue
Term
The two approaches to profit maximization are....
Definition

total revenue and total cost approach

marginal revenue and marginal cost approach

Term
If price is less than ATC at q*, then the company....
Definition
suffered a loss
Term
If price is greater than AVC at q*, the company is...
Definition
continuing to operate at a loss
Term
If price falls below minimum AVC, the competitive firm will...
Definition
minimize its losses in the short run by shutting down
Term
A firm will shut down if the total revenue that it would get from producing is....
Definition
less than the variable costs of production
Term
When MC = ATC, the firm...
Definition
will break even and make a normal profit
Term
When price is above ATC, the firm will....
Definition
realize an economic profit, by producing where MR=(P)=MC
Term
The Short Run Supply tells us...
Definition

the amount of output the firm will supply at each price in a series of prices

 

It slopes upward because of the law of diminishing returns

Term
At long run equilibrium firms earn_____ economic profit
Definition

zero

 

P=MR=MC= minimum ATC

Term
When existing firms are making an economic profit...
Definition
  • new firms will enter
  • the market supply curve will shift right
  • there will be downward pressure on the equilibrium price
Term
In long-run equilibrium, P=MC=minimum ATC tells us that...
Definition
  • firms will only earn a normal profit
  • firms in a purely competitive industry use the limited resources in a way to maximize the satisfication of consumers
  • leads to allocative and production efficiency
Term
What is a pure monopoly?
Definition
  • single supplier
  • no close substitutes
  • price maker
  • blocked entry
Term
Examples of monopolies
Definition
  • electricity
  • Western Union
  • De Beers
  • Professional sports team
  • Small town gas station
Term
The barriers of Entry in a Pure Monopoly
Definition
  • Economies of Scale
  • Legal barriers- licenses
  • Ownership or control of resources
  • Pricing
Term
By changing market supply, a monopolist is ______, determining the market price
Definition
indirectly
Term
Consumer Surplus
Definition
the extra benefit recieved by consumers above the total cost paid
Term
Producer Surplus
Definition
  • extra benefit recieved above costs incurred
  • actual price recieved more than minimum acceptable price
Term
At equilibrium price, consumer and producer surplus are.....
Definition
largest
Term
Deadweight Loss
Definition
at any price/quantity other than equilibrium there is an inefficient use of resources
Term

Pure Competition is ________

Pure Monopoly is _________

Definition
efficient; inefficient
Term
Monopolistic Competition
Definition
  • large number of sellers
  • Easy entry and exit
  • differentiated products
  • some control over price
Term
Monopolistic Competition is....
Definition
highly elastic, inefficient (P>MC) (P> min ATC), no economic profit in the long run
Term

Monopolistic Competition

 

P> min ATC> MC

Definition

Monopolistic Competition

P> min ATC> MC

Term
Oligopoly
Definition
  • Very few large producers
  • homogenous or differentiated products
  • control over price
  • entry bariers
Term
Cartels
Definition
combination of firms that act like one
Term
Oligopoly- four-firm concentration ratio
Definition
needs to be more than 40%
Term
Kinked-demand curve
Definition

non collusive oligopolist

 

little intiative to change price unless all do

 

assumption that rivals will match a price decrease, but not a price increase

Term
Oligopoly Prices
Definition

mutually interdependent

 

set price based on own costs, own demand elasticity, and reactions of competitors

Term
Pricing practices for Oligopolists
Definition
  • Advertised Price Matching
  • Advertised sales gaurantee
  • public price lists
  • price leadership
Term
Oligopoly and efficiency
Definition
  • not productively efficient (P> min ATC)
  • not allocatively efficient (P> MC)
  • tendency to share monopoly profit
Term
Price Discrimination Requirements
Definition
  • market pricing power
  • market segregation
  • no resale

ex. charging customers different prices- movie tickets (matinee)

Term
purely competitive labor market
Definition
a large number of similary qualified workers independently offer their labor services to a large number of employers, none of whom can set the wage rate
Term
demand for labor is
Definition
an inverse relationship between the price of the labor (hourly wage) and the quantity of labor demanded
Term
derived demand
Definition
results from products that labor helps produce
Term
Marginal Product of Labor (MP)
Definition
the additional output that results from the use of one or more unit of labor
Term
Marginal Revenue Product (MRP)
Definition
the change in a firms total revenue when it employs one more unit of labor
Term
Marginal Resource Cost (MRC)
Definition
the change in a firm's total cost when it employs one more unit of labor
Term
to maximize profit, a firm should expand employment until....
Definition

MRP=MRC

 

marginal revenue product of labor equals the marginal resource cost of labor

Term
No firm can influence the ______ rate
Definition

the market wage rate

 

for each additional unit of labor hired, total labor costs increases by exactly the amount of the constant market wage rate

 

MRC=MRP

Term
When the demand of a product increases, the demand for labor_____
Definition
decreases
Term
The substitution effect
Definition
when two sources are substitutes, a firm will purchase more of the resource whose relative price has declined and use less of the resource whose relative price has increased
Term
Output Effect
Definition
an increase in the use of one resource when the price of the other falls and the firm increases its output because of the lower production costs
Term
Wages
Definition
Price paid for labor, direct pay plus fringe benefits
Term
Nominal wage
Definition

amount paid

 

Ex. amount paid per hour or salaries

Term
Real Wage
Definition
what you can buy
Term
Monopsony
Definition
  • employer has buying power

 

Term
Characteristics of Monopsony
Definition
  • single buyer
  • labor immobile
  • firm "wage maker"
  • firm labor supply upward slopping
  • MRC higher than wage rate, buys less labor
Term
Craft union
Definition

people who specialize in certain careers

 

Ex. electritions, doctors

 

  • restricts immigration
  • exclusive unionism
  • occupational licensing

 

 

Term
Why aren't wages all the same?
Definition
  • labor supply and demand
  • MRP
  • noncompeting groups
  • ability and educational training
  • compensating differences (trash man)
Term
Negative externalities
Definition

costs that affect a third party without compensation

 

Resources are overallocated

Term
Positive externalities
Definition
benefits conferred on third parties without payment from them, market fails to produce enough
Term
Correcting negative externalities
Definition
direct controls and specific taxes; causes supply curve to shift to left
Term
Subsidies
Definition
  • Paying buyer cause D curve shift right
  • Paying seller cause S- curve shift right
Term
Market Failure: Uneven information
Definition
  • asymmetric information
  • inadequate buyer information
  • inadequate seller information
  • qualification

perscription drugs, licensing of surgeons, workplace hazards,workplace safety

Term
Progressive Tax
Definition

higher % as I increases

 

personal income tax

Term
Regressive tax
Definition

lower % as I increases

 

sales tax, payroll tax, property tax

Term
Proportional tax
Definition

same % reguardleess of income

 

city tax

Term
there is smaller efficiency loss with _______ demand
Definition
inelastic
Term
less tax paid by consumer with....
Definition
inelastic demand
Term
more tax paid by consumer with....
Definition
elastic supply
Term
Why Trade?
Definition
  • get goods/ services not available otherwise
  • increase the productivity of a country's resources and allow for economic growth
Term
Trade deficit
Definition
  • imports exceed exports
  • borrow from foreigners
  • sell real assets to foreigners
Term
Trade surplus
Definition
  • exports exceed imports
  • lend to foreigners
Term
Trade and comparative advantage
Definition
allows us to determine who should produce what
Term
trade and specialization
Definition
results in more efficient production
Term
Absolute Advantage
Definition

company can produce more of a product than another country given its fixed resources

 

--more efficient production

Term
comparative advantage
Definition

country has a lower opportunity cost than that of another country -- more effective production

 

complete specialization, more of both goods, more efficient resource allocation

Term
Foreign Exchange Market
Definition
a market in which foreign currencies were exchanged and relative current prices are established
Term
Exchange rate
Definition
the rate at which currency trades for another
Term
Depreciation of a currency
Definition
a decrease in the value of a currency relative to another currency
Term
Appreciation of currency
Definition
an increase in the value of a currency relative to another currency
Term
World price > Domestic Price
Definition
  • export surplus
  • export supply curve
Term
World price < domestic price
Definition
  • import shortage
  • import supply curve
Term
Tariffs
Definition
revenue or production
Term
Direct effects of tarrifs
Definition
  • decline in imports- foreign producers sell less
  • governments gain revenue from tariffs
  • increased domestic production in less efficient industries
Term
Indirect Effects of Tariffs
Definition
  • reduce effieciency and worlds real output
  • competition is reduced in protected industries
  • foreiners sell fewer imports to buy fewer exports
  • firms using protected goods as inputs pay higher prices
Term
Three arguments for trade production
Definition
  • increased domestic employment
  • cheap foreign labor
  • protection-against-dumping
Term
Dumping
Definition
the scale of products in a foreign country at prices either below costs or below the price charged at home
Term
benefit of free trade
Definition
lower tariffs
Term
Trade Agreements (GATT)
Definition
  • General Agreement on tarrifs and trade
  • 1947-1993
Term
Trade Agreement (WTO)
Definition
  • world trade organization-1993
  • GATTs succesor
Term
European Union
Definition
  • Trade agreement
  • trade bloc
  • freeze-trade zone
Term
Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Definition
  • north american free trade agreement
  • 1993
Term
List the Trade Agreements
Definition
  • General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade (GATT)
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • European Union
  • North-American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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