Term
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Definition
- prenucleus
- one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
- no histones
- no organelles
- bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls
- Archaea: pseudomurein cell walls
- binary fission
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Term
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Definition
- Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
- histones
- organelles
- polysaccharide cell walss
- mitotic spindle
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Term
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Definition
- bacillus (rod-shaped)
- cocuss (sperical)
- Spiral
- Spirillum
- Vibrio
- Spirochete
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Term
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Definition
- Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli
- Clusters: staphylococci
- Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli
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Term
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Definition
- Outside cell wall
- Usually sticky
- Capsule: neatly organized
- Slime layer: unorganized and loose
- Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
- Capsules prevent phagocytosis
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Term
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Definition
- Outside cell wall
- Made of chains of flagellin
- Attached to a protein hook
- Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
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Term
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Definition
- Rotate flagella to run or tumble
- Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
- Flagella proteins are H antigens
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Term
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Definition
- Also called endoflagella
- In spirochetes
- Anchored at one end of a cell
- Rotation causes cell to move
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another
- Gliding motility
- Twitching motility
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Term
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Definition
- Prevents osmotic lysis
- Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
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Term
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Definition
- Polymer of disaccharide:
- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
- N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
- Linked by polypeptides in Gram-Positive bacteria
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Term
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Definition
- Thick peptidoglycan
- Teichoic acids
- May regulate movement of cations
- Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
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Term
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Definition
- Thin peptidoglycan
- Outer membrane
- Periplasmic space
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Term
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Definition
- Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
- Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
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Term
| Gram-Negative Outer Membrane |
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Definition
- Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids
- Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane
- Protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics
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Term
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Definition
- antigen present in the outer membrane of gram negative cells
- examples include E. coli O157:H7
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Term
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Definition
- An endotoxin present in the outer membrane of gram negative cells
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Term
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Definition
- proteins that form channels through the outer membrane of gram-negative cells
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Term
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Definition
- Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
- Gram-positive
- alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
- CV-I crystals do not leave
- Gram-negative
- alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
- CV-I washes out
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Term
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Definition
- 2-ring basal body
- Disrupted by lysozyme
- Penicillin sensitive
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Term
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Definition
- 4-ring basal body
- Endotoxin
- Tetracycline sensitive
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Term
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Definition
- Acid-fast cell walls
- Mycoplasms
- Archaea
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Term
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Definition
- Like gram-positive cell walls
- waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia
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Term
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Definition
- Lack cell walls
- Sterols in plasma membrane
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Term
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Definition
- Wall-less, or
- walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)
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Term
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Definition
- Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
- Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- wall-less gram-positive cell
- protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis
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Term
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Definition
- wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes
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Term
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Definition
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
- Transmembrane
- Proteins
- Contain enzymes for ATP production
- Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
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Term
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Definition
- Membrane is viscous as olive oil
- Proteins move to function
- Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
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Term
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Definition
- allows passage of some molecules
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Term
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Definition
- Also called thylakoids
- present in the plasma membrane
- Photosynthetic pigments on foldings in the plasma membrane
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Term
| Damage to the plasma membrane |
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Definition
- Damage done by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics cause leakage of cell contents
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Term
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Definition
- movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Term
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Definition
- solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
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Term
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Definition
- the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration
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Term
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Definition
- the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
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Term
| Movement of materials across membranes |
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Definition
- Through lipid layer
- Aquaporins (water channels)
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Term
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Definition
- requires a transporter protein and ATP
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Term
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Definition
| requires a transporter protein and PEP |
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Term
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Definition
- The substance inside the plasma membrane
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Metachromatic granules (volutin)
- Polysaccharide granules
- Lipid inclusions
- Sulfur granules
- Carboxysomes
- Gas vacuoles
- Magnetosomes
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Term
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Definition
- Also called Volutin
- Phosphate reserves
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
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Term
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Definition
- protein-covered cylinders
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Term
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Definition
- Iron oxide (destroys H2O2)
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Term
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Definition
- Resting cells
- Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
- Bacillus, Clostridium
- Sporulation and Germination
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Return to vegetative state
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Term
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Definition
- Spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm
- Plasma membrane starts to surround DNA, cytoplasm, and membrane isolated in step 1
- Spore septum surrounds isolated portion, forming forespore
- Peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes
- Spore coat forms
- Endospore is freed from cell
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Term
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Definition
- Microtubules
- Tublin
- 9 pairs + 2 array
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Term
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Definition
- energy using process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them
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Term
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Definition
- pseudopods extend and engulf particles
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Term
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Definition
- membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
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Term
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Definition
- substance inside plasma and outside nucleus
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Term
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Definition
- fluid portion of cytoplasm
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Term
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Definition
- microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
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Term
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Definition
- Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells
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Term
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Definition
- Protein synthesis
- 80S
- Membrane-bound: attached to ER
- Free: in cytoplasm
- 70S
- In chloroplasts and mitochondria
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Term
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Definition
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi complex
- Lysosome
- Vacuole
- Mitochondrion
- Chloroplast
- Peroxisome
- Centrosome
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- also called ER
- transport network
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Term
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Definition
- membrane formation and secretion
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Brings food into cells and provides support
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
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Term
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Definition
- consists of protein fibers and centrioles
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