(1) cocci that remain attached in chains after cell division

(2) when written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria

(1) a group of 8 bacteria that remain in a packet after dividing

(2) when written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, anerobic cocci

(1) curved or comma-shaped bacterium

(2) written as genus (Vibrio), a gram-negative, motile, facltatively anerobic curved rod

helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium

When written as a genus, refers to aerobic, helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella

• thin appendage from surface of a cell
• used for cellular locomotion
• composed of flagellin in procaryotic cells
•  composed of 9 + 2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells

variation within a species

aka: serotype

structure for motility found in spirochetes

aka: endoflagellum

outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells

(in bacteria- consists of peptidoglycan)

(1) chain of amino acids

(2) group of antiobiotics

(1) destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in a loss of cytoplasm

(2) in disease, a gradual period of decline

component of the gram-negative outer membrane (endotoxin)

core polysaccharide

• Structure- to provide stability
• attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars

• Functions as antigen and is useful for distinguishing species of gram-negative bacteria
• extends outward from core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules

• prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall
• can return to walled state

(inner membrane) selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell

outermost layer in animal cells, internal to cell wall in other organisms

infolding in the plasma membrane whre bacteriochlorophyll is located in photoautotrophic bacteria

(AKA thylakoids)

movement of a substance across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

mediated by transporter proteins

medium with the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell

(iso means equal)

net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient

requires cell to expend energy

• in prokaryotic cell, everyting inside the plasma membrane
• in eukaryotic cell, everyting inside plasma membrane and external to the nucleus

• site of protein synthesis in a cell
• composed of RNA and protein

granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dies

• consist of glycogen and starch
• presence can be demondstated when iodine is applied to the cells

• inclusions of irod oxide
• produced by some gram-negative bacteria that acts like a magnet

process of spore and endospore formation

(1) part of an atom consisting of the protons and nucleus

(2) part of eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material

membrane-enclosedsac produced by the ER

transports synthesized material into cytoplasm

organelles that form from Golgi complex

contain proteins made in the rough ER and processed in the Golgi complex

region in a eukaryotic cell consisting of pericentriolar area and a pair of centrioles

involved in formation of mitotic spindle