Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics

• animal, plant, fungi, and protists
• Contain membrane- bound organelles
• contain nucleus with DNA
• ribosomes

• NO nucleus
• No membrane bound organelle
• ribosomes
• cytoplasm
• chromosomes

• reproduction & heredity
• growth and development
• metabolism
• movement or irritability
• Cell support
• Transport

3 parts:

      filaments

        basal body

hook

pro: 360degree movement                 

Euk: whip

       9 + 2 arrangement

functions: motility

Monotrichous- single flagellum at one end

Lophotrichous- small bunches ermerging from the same site

Amphitrichous- flagella at both ends of the cell

Peritrichous- flagella dispersed over surface of cell; slowest

Flagellar Responses

run-counterclockwise

tumble- clockwise

no stimulus- short movements

stimulus- long movements gradient of attractant concentration

• hairlike projections
• used for attatchment

• found only in Gram neg cells
• join bacteria cells for partial DNA transfer

2 types: capsule or slime layer

coating of the molecule external to the cell wall

functions: protection from dehydration

inhibit killing of wbc

attatchment; adherence

signal reception

group of bacteria working together collectively

external covering outside the cytoplasm

contains cell wall and cell membrane

gram stain:

        positive- thick layer of peptidoglycan

                     has more cross-linking

        negative- thin layer of peptidoglycan

                      has outer membrane

functions:

   structure

   protection

peptidoglycan is main component

gram +: retain crystal violet and stain purple

gram -: lose crystal violet and stain red

Crystal violet -> stains peptidoglycan

Gram's Iodine -> sets the stain by causing clumping

Alcohol -> dissolves the membran; decolorizes gram -

Saferin -> counterstains gram -

phospholipid bilayer- selectively permeable

functions:

      provide site for energy reaction, nutreint processing, and synthesis.

dense gelatinous solution

a solvent for materials used in cell functions

site of protein synthesis

prokaryotic- smaller and less in number

eukaryotic- bigger and more in number

intracellular storage bodies

location of DNA

not membrane bound

Coccus- spherical

Bacillus- rod

Spirillum- spiral

Genetic (phylogenic)- classified by composition of DNA

Phenogenic- classification by appearance

Organelles originated from prokaryotic cells

Organelles: mitochondria and cytoplasm

why?

   has own dna

   has prokaryotic ribosomes

   double membrane

   replicates independently

hairlike projections on the surface of cell

only in animal cells and some protozoa

functions:

      motility

      feeding

      filtering

inside nucleus

site of ribosome synthesis

RER- has ribosomes on top

        proteins are synthesized

SER-lacks ribosomes

      lipids are synthesized

digestive enzymes

digesting food molecules and ivading microbes

mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

unicellular or colonial

yeast or hyphae; sometimes both dimorphic

heterotrophic

reproduction

asexual reproduction: spores are formed through budding or mitosis

Sexual reproduction: spores are formed by fusion of two seperate strains

algae-unicellular and colonial; photosize with chlorophyll

protozoa-unicellular and lack tissue. heterotrophic

nonliving

protect nucleic acid

enveloped- with envelope

naked-without envelope

essential for replication

not in all

Helical

Icosahedral

Adsorption- attatchement to host

Penetration- virus enters to host

uncoating- nucleic acid is released through the celll

synthesis- viral components are produced

assembly- new viral particles are constructed

release- assembled virus are released by budding or lysis

Adsorption- attachment to cell

penetration- virus goes into cell

replicaton- virus material is replicated

assembly- assembly of new virus

maturation

cell breaks apart and virus are released

interphase-resting state

prophase- condensation of chromosomes

Metaphase- chromosomes line up

Anaphase- chromosomes pull cells apart

telophase- nuclear envelope reform, cytokenesis occurs