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Microbiology (Chapter 4)
Flashcards for Micro Chapter 4! :)
32
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/30/2012

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Term
Prokaryote
Definition
  • Only single-celled organisms
  • All are bacteria
  • Pro=before, Karyon=nucleus so "before nucleus"
  • Pilus (fimbria) is only in these cells
  • Cell wall; cell membrane
  • Has flagellum (tail)
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
  • Single-celled or multi-celled organisms
  • Eu=true, Karyon=nucleus so "true nucleus"
  • Intermediate filament
  • Microfilament: thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton
  • Microtubule: tubes responsible for movement
Term
Coccus, coccobacillus
Definition
Spherical
Term
Vibrio
Definition
Comma
Term
Bacillus
Definition
Rod-shaped
Term
Spirillium
Definition
Wavy, rigid
Term
Spirochete
Definition
Corkscrew
Term
Diplo
Definition
Pairs
Term
Strepto
Definition
Chains
Term
Staphylo
Definition
Clusters
Term
Lacto
Definition
Rods in chains
Term
Gram + bacteria
Definition
  • Thick peptidoglycan layer
  • Teichoic acid which acts as attachment site for bacteriophages and passageway for movement of ions
  • No outer membrane or periplasmic space
Term
Gram (-) bacteria
Definition
  • Thin peptidoglycan layer
  • Contains outer membrane (OM)
  • Has lipopolysacharide or endotoxin in OM whcih is released when cell walls break down
  •  Contains periplasmic space
Term
Granules
Definition
Not membrane bound and contain densely compacted substances (glycogen or polyphosphate)
Term
Vesicles
Definition
Specialized membrane enclosed structrues that contain gas or poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (lipid)
Term
Ribosome
Definition
  • Consist of ribonucleic acid and protein
  • Serve as sites of protein synthesis
  • 70S in bacteria
  • 80S in eukaryotes
Term
Endospores
Definition
  • A specialized resting structure found in bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium
  • Helps the bacteria to survive
  • Highly resistant to heat, acids, bases, disinfectants and radiation
Term
Monotrichous
Definition
  • Bacteria with a single polar flagellus located at one end
  • Ex: pseudomonas

 

Term
Amphitrichous
Definition
  • Bacteria with two flagella, one at each end
  • Both are polar
  • Ex: spirillum
Term
Lophotrichous
Definition
  • Bacteria with two or more flagella at one or both ends
  • Ex: spirillum
Term
Petritrichous
Definition
  • Flagella all over the surface
  • Ex: salmonella; proteus
Term
Atrichous
Definition
  • Bacteria without flagella
  • Ex: cocci
Term
Pilus
Definition
  • A hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria
  • Tiny, hollow projections
  • Used to attach bacteria to surfaces
  • Not involved in movement
  • Long pili = conjugation pili (F-pili) --> F+ (male) or F- (female)
  • Short pili = fimbriae
Term
Haploid
Definition
Cell has only one set of chromosomes
Term
Diploid
Definition
Cell has two sets of chromosomes
Term
Passive Transport
Definition

Cell expends no energy to move substances down a concentration gradient (high to low concentration)

  1. Simple Diffusion (osmosis, dialysis)
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Filtration (high to low pressure)
Term
Active Transport
Definition

Cell expends energy from ATP, enabling it to transport substances against a concentration gradient

  1. ATP
  2. Exocytosis
  3. Endocytosis
    • Phago (eat)
    • Pino (drinking)
    • Receptor mediated (attach)
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
  • Allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins
  • Uses no ATP or energy
  • High to low concentration
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water from area of high to low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Same concentration inside the cell as in the solution
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
  • Higher concentration inside the cell than in the solution
  • Cell swells
  • Think hypo/hippo, fat person has higher salt in their system than water so they swell
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
  • Lower concentration inside the cell than in the solution
  • Cell shrivels 
  • Water leaves hyper person's body
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