Term
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Definition
A subunit=toxic or active part
B subunit=binding part that binds to specific host cell receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| an antibody preperation that protects against a given toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria circulating in the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| infections that develop slowly and persist for months or years |
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Term
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Definition
| establishment and growth of a microorganism on a body surface |
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Term
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Definition
1. Association in which one partner benefits and other is unharmed
2. bacteria/skin |
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Term
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Definition
| spreads from host to host |
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Term
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Definition
stage of recuperations and recovery from disease
-patient may still be infectious |
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Term
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Definition
process reulting in tissue damage or noticeable impairment of body function
-diseases characterized by signs and symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
LPS of gram- cell wall
-heat stable
-toxin responsible for septic shock |
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Term
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Definition
among most potent toxins known, secreted by bacterium or leak into surrounding fluids following cell lysis
-made of protein
-groups: neurotoxins, enterotoxins, and cytotoxins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| time interval between introduction of organism to susceptible host and onset |
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Term
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Definition
| growth and multiplication of parasitic organisms/virus in or on the body of the host |
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Term
| principles of Infectious disease |
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Definition
| -one infectious disease may leave individual predisposed to developing new disease |
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Term
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Definition
postulates proposed in order to conclude that a particular organism causes a specific disease
1.microbe must be present in every case of disease
2.organism must be grown in pure culture from diseased host
3.same disease must be produced in susceptible experimental host
4.organism must be recovered from experimental host |
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Term
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Definition
| infection never completely eliminated; becomes reactivated and symptomatic |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that kill white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a prtion of LPS that anchors the molecule in the lipid bilayer of the outer membrane of G- cells, plays an important part in the body's ability to recognize invading bacteria, responsible for toxic effect of LPS |
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Term
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Definition
| infection limited to small area EX boil |
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Term
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Definition
1. virulence factor
2. introduction of cloned virulence gene should change non-pathogenic strain to pathogenic strain
3. Virulence gene must be expressed during disease
4. antibodies and immune cells against virulence gene should be protective |
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Term
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Definition
1. Association in which both partners benefit
2. bacteria/large intestine (colon) |
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Term
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Definition
| population of microorganisms that routinely reside on the body's surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| antigenic polysaccharide portion of LPS, the molecule that makes up th outer leaflet of the outer membrane of G- bacteria |
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Term
| Opportunistic pathogen/infection |
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Definition
| microbes that cause disease only when the body's innate/adaptive defenses are compromised, or when introduced into unusual location |
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Term
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Definition
association in which parasite derives benefit at expense of host
pathogen=parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| microoganism capable of causing disease in a healthy individual |
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Term
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Definition
| stretches of DNA in bacteria that code for virulence factors, can be transferred to another bacterium |
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Definition
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Definition
| communication between bacteria by means of small molecules, permitting the bacteria to sense when there is an adequate quorum or number of organisms present to activate certain genes |
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Definition
| additional infection resulting from primary infection |
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Term
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Definition
| acute, life-threatening illness causes by infectious agent or its products circulating in bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
-objective abnormality indicative of disease
-effects of the disease observed by examing the ptt
-exanthem, pus, edema, fever |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms non-existent or mild |
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Term
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Definition
override specificity of T cell response, causes toxic effects due to massive release of cytokine's by large number of helper T cells
-suspected in contributing to autoimmune disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the living together of two dissimilar organisms or symbionts |
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Term
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Definition
-subjective indication of disease
-effects of a disease experienced by the patient
-pain, nausea, malaise |
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Term
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Definition
| or generalized, agent has spread or disseminated throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| toxins circulating in blood EX tetanus |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses circulating in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| quantitative term referring to pathogen's disease-causing ability. Degree of pathogenicity |
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Term
| What is the protective role of normal flora? |
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Definition
1. Protection
2. Stimulation of the immune system
-if normal flora are killed or growth supporessed, pathogens may colonize |
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Term
| How do normal flora protect against harmful pathogens? |
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Definition
Normal flora competitively exclude pathogens through:
-covering binding sites
-consuming available nutrients
-producing toxic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| number of organisms required to establish infection |
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Term
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Definition
| an early or premonitory symptom of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms have rapid onset and last only short time EX strep throat |
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Term
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Definition
| syptoms develop slowly and persist EX Tuberculosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all contain chloroplasts, photosynthesis, usually found near surface waters, rigid cell wall, motility with complex flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| level of taxonomic classification above the kingdom level |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases that have increased in incidence in the past two decades |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of resting bacterial cell highly resistant to heat, radiation and disinfectants |
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Term
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Definition
| organism composed of one or more eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| single and multicellular, all have chitin in cell walls, gain energy from organic materials, principle decomposers of carbon compounds on earth, mainly terrestrial organisms, mycosis |
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Term
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Definition
| organism/virus capable of causing disease |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious proteins, responsible for fatal neurodegenerative diseases, animal diseases, human diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic, single-celled organism, found in water and on land, much larger than prokaryote, do not have a rigid cell wall, means of motility is major classification feature |
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Term
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Definition
| not capitalized, follows the genus name |
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Term
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Definition
| disproved, the creation of living organisms from non-living material |
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Definition
| simpler than viruses, consist of a single short piece of RNA, smaller than viruses, generally cause plant diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| contain protein coat surrounding nucleic acid, obligate intracellular parasites, all forms of life can be infected by viruses, viruses frequently kill host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| study and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Term
| Obligate intracellular parasite |
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Definition
| only multiply inside living host cells, must have host machinery to replicate, inactive outside of host |
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Definition
| nonliving, not made of cells |
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Definition
| cell characterized by lack of a nuclear membrane and the absence of membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstrate a number of same attributes as bacteria, rigid cell wall without PTG, grow in all environments (especially extreme ones and high concentration of salt) |
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Term
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Definition
| common agent of human infection, single celled prokaryotes, rod, cocci, spiral, cell wall with peptidoglycan, multiply by binary fission |
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Definition
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Definition
| liquid that contains nutrients which support the growth of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| introduce genes of one organism into an unrelated organism to confer few properties on the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient, single-celled organisms, no nuclear membrane, no organelles, a nucleoid, cytoplasm surrounded by rigid cell wall, prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the bonding properties of water? |
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Definition
| hydrogen bonding produces a polar molecule, polar nature accounts for ability to dissolve numerous compounds, |
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Term
| What is pH? and how is it measured? |
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Definition
| acidity is measured as pH, measured on logarithmic scale of 0 to 14 |
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Term
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Definition
| a very large molecule usually consisting of repeating subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| a macromolecule consisting of chains of nucleotide subunits to form either DNA or RNA the two types of nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a covalent bond formed between the -COOH group of one amino acid and the -NH2 group of another amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| join charged atoms termed ions together |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of numerous combinations of 20 amino acids |
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Term
| What are the structures of proteins? |
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Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
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Term
| What are the important things that carbohydrates do? |
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Definition
| common source of food and energy, form part of nucleic acids, form part of bacterial cell wall |
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Term
| What are polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and monosaccharides? |
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Definition
polysaccharide-large molecules made of carbohydrate molecules
oligosaccharide-short chains of carbs
monosaccharide-single carbohydrate molecule |
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Term
| what are the nitrogen bases in DNA? |
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Definition
| Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
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Term
| What are lipids, and why are they important? |
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Definition
| they are critical component of the cell membrane, they are made up of different subunits, they are insoluble in water, smallest of the four macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| they contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. most common are called fats |
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Term
| What are compound lipids? |
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Definition
| they contain fatty acids, glycerol, and other elements, phospholipid most important compound |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy currency of the cell, stores energy in two high energy phosphate bonds which, when broken, release energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyze reactions, moving cells, taking nutrients into the cell, turning genes on and off, part of the cell membrane |
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Term
| What is the resolving power? |
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Definition
| the minimum distance existing between two objects where those objects still appear as separate objects. |
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Term
| phase-contrast microscope |
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Definition
| amplifies differences between refractive indexes of cells and surrounding medium, uses set of rings and diaphragms to achieve resolution |
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Term
| interference scope microscope |
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Definition
| cases specimen to appear three dimensional |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse image, achieves image through a modified condenser |
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Term
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Definition
| used to observe organisms that are naturally fluorescent or are flagged with fluorescent dye |
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Term
| What are common basic dyes? |
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Definition
| Methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green |
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Term
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Definition
| uses one basic stain to stain the cell, no differentiation between cell types |
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Term
| What are differential stains? |
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Definition
| used to distinguish one bacterial group from another, uses a series of reagents, gram stain & acid-fast stain |
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Term
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Definition
| most widely used procedure for staining bacteria, G+(stained purple) and G-(stained red or pink) |
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Term
| What are the most common shapes of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Coccus (spherical) Bacillus(rod or cylinder shaped) |
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Term
| What are other shapes of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| coccobacillus (short round rod), vibrio (curved rod), spirillum (spiral shaped), spirochete (helical shaped), pleomorphic (bacteria changes shape) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| short chain of prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes divided along several random planes |
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Definition
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Definition
symptoms: abrupt onset, burning pain during urination, urgent sensation to void, cloudy urine, odor, tenderness
complications include: kidney infection |
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Definition
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Term
| jarisch-herxheimer reaction |
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causative agent: E.coli
pathogenesis: organisms reach bladder by ascending from urethra, bacteria attatch to receptors on bladder lining |
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Term
| epidemiology of bacterial cystits |
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Definition
approximately 30% of women develop cystitis during lifetime, women get it because of having a short urethra, sexual intercourse, and use of diaphragm contraception
men: occur after age 50, catheterization |
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Term
| Prevention of bacterial cystits |
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Definition
| take in enough fluid to ensure voiding, void immediately after sexual intercourse, wiping front to back |
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Term
| treatment for bacterial cystits |
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Definition
| antimicrobial therapy with appropriate antibiotic |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms: incubation period 10 days, abrupt onset of headache, spiking fever, chills, eye redness
causative agent: leptospira interrogans, spirochete with hooked ends
pathogenesis:enters body through mucous membranes, multiplies and spreads through blood stream |
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Term
| What are the two phases of leptospirosis? |
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Definition
-septicemic phase: pain and lack of inflammatory changes or tissue damage
-immune phase: characterized by injury to cells of tiny blood vessels |
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Term
| What is the epidemiology of Leptospirosis? |
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Definition
| infects numerous species of wild and domestic animals, organism is excreted in urine, swimming in contaminated water accounts for a number of cases |
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Term
| How do you prevent leptospirosis? |
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Definition
| avoid animal urine, maintain general sanitary conditions in care of animals |
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Term
| What are non-venereal genital tract diseases? |
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Definition
1. Bacterial Vaginosis
2. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
3. Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
4. Puerperal Fever
5. Uterine Gas Gangrene |
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