Term
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Definition
| the active ability of an organism to resist infection (innate and adaptive) |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's built-in ability to recognize and destroy pathogens or their products (non-specific) |
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Term
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Definition
| the aquired ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen and its products (specific) |
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Term
| how is adaptive immunity activated? |
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Definition
| by exposure of the immune system to the pathogen |
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Term
| immunity results from the actions of cells that circulate through the __ and __ |
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Definition
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Term
| in capillary beds, __ and __ pass from blood into the lymphatic system |
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Definition
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Term
| lymph nodes contain high concentrations of __ and __ |
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Definition
| lymphocytes and phagocytes |
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Term
T cells mature in the ___
B cells mature in the ___
B and T cells are ___ |
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Definition
Thymus
Bone Marrow
lymphocytes |
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Term
| parts of the lymph system |
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Definition
| spleen, lymph notes, bone marrow, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein, thymus, tonsils |
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Term
leukocytes
lymphocytes
primary lymphoid organs |
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Definition
- nucleated white blood cells
- specialized leukocytes involved exclusively in adaptive immune response
- bone marrow and thymus |
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Term
| myeloid cells are ___ and can be divided into two categories |
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Definition
- all derived from a myeloid precursor cell
- antigen presenting cells )APCs) and Granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
engulf, process and present antibodies to lymphocytes
- monocytes (blood), macrophages (tissue), dendritic cells (tissue)
- phagocytic |
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Term
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Definition
contain toxins or enzymes that are realeased to kill target cells
- neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
is the first line of defense
- begins when phagocyte encounters a pathogen or pathogen product
- inflammation can result |
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Term
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Definition
engulf and destroy pathogens
- includes macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| actively mobile granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
precursors of pacrophages
- large cells found in tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen |
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Term
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Definition
function in phagocytosis and antigen presentation
- when they ingest antigen they move to the lymph node to present antigen to T cells |
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Term
| phagocytes recognize a pathogen using ___ |
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Definition
| pattern recognition molecules (PRM) |
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Term
| Pattern recognition molecules |
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Definition
| membrane-bound phagocyte proteins that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, exocytosis |
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Term
| phagocytic cells use ___ to kill ingested bacterial cells by _____ |
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Definition
toxic oxygen
oxidizing key cellular constituents |
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Term
| 2 pathogens that neutralize toxic phagocyte products |
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Definition
| S. aureus and M. tuberculosis |
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Term
| 2 pathogens that produce leukocidins that kill the phagocyte |
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Definition
| S. pyogenes and S. aureus |
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Term
| bacteria that produce a capsule resistant phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein that kills leukocytes (WBC's) |
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Term
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Definition
a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli
- redness, swelling, pain, and heat localixed at site of infection |
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Term
| cytokines and chemokines role in inflammation |
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Definition
molecular mediators of inflammation
- proteins |
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Term
| effective inflammatory response |
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Definition
| isloates and limits tissue damage, destroying damaged cells and pathogens |
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Term
| ___ are the first to arrive at scene of infection and they are attracted to site by ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pathogen reaction becomes widespread and can lead to a life-threatening condition |
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Term
| after neutrophils arrive on the scene of inflammation |
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Definition
| neutrophils release chemokines to recruit macrophages by guiding them along a chemokine gradient |
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Term
| systemic inclammatory reactions may have serious consequences |
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Definition
uncontrollable fever
death in up to 30% of individuals |
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Term
| ??t lymphocytes recognize the __ antigens through cell surface ____ |
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Definition
peptide
t cell receptors (TCRs) |
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Term
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Definition
| leads to killing of pathogen-infected cells through recognition of pathogen antigens found on infected host cells |
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Term
| antibody-mediated immunity |
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Definition
| is effective against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and soluble pathogen products |
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Term
| specificity (adaptive immune response) of antigen-antibody is dependent on |
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Definition
| lymphocyte cell receptors interacting with individual pathogen |
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Term
| memory (adaptive immune response) |
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Definition
| subsequent exposures to the same antigen result in rapid production of large quantities of antigen-reactive T cells or antibodies |
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Term
| 3 parts of the adaptive immune response |
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Definition
| specificity, memory, and tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
the acquired inability to make an adaptive immune response to one's own antigens
- discrimination between foreign and host antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| immune cells recognize and react with individual molecules(antigens) via direct molecular interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| are substances that react with antibodies or TCRs |
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Term
| not all antigens are immunogens |
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Definition
| substances that induce an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
are not immunogens although they are antigens
- penicillin |
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Term
| several extrinsic factors influence immunogenicity |
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Definition
dose of immunogen
route of administration
foreign nature of the immunogen with respect to the host |
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Term
| antigenic determinant or epitope |
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Definition
| where antibody or t cell receptor binds on the cell |
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Term
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Definition
each t cell has thousands of copies of the same TCR on its surface
functional TCR consists of 2 polypeptides
TCR is a membrane-spanning protein |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| function as antigen-presenting molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| on surface of all nucleated cells |
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Term
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Definition
| on B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells |
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Term
| 2 different pathways for antigen presentation |
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Definition
| pathway varies between MHC 1 and MHC 2 proteins |
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Term
| t-cytotoxic cells (CTLs or Tc) |
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Definition
| are T cells that directly kill cells that display surface foreign antigens (LYSE) |
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Term
| steps that cause apoptosis |
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Definition
-Tc cells bind to target cell
-on contact, granules in T cell migrate to contact site
-degranulation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
causes pores (perforin) in target cell membrane
-also contain granzymes that cause apoptosis |
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Term
| cells lacking ___ are not killed |
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Definition
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Term
| natural killer cells resemble t cells in their ability to |
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Definition
| destroy cancer cells and cells infected with intraccellular pathogens; use granzymes and perforin |
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Term
| natural killer cells kill targets in the absence of ___ |
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Definition
specific protein
-lack of normal MHCs result in killing
-no prior exposure to foreign cells required
-do not exhibit memory with target cells |
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Term
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Definition
activates macrophages by secreting cytokines (including interferon gamma and others)
-activated macrophages kill intracellular bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| plays a crucial role in B cell activation and antibody production |
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Term
| antibodies or immunoglobins |
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Definition
| (Ig) are protein molecules that interact SPECIFICALLY WITH ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS |
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Term
immunoglobins are found in___
and have 5 major classes |
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Definition
serum (blood), milk and gastric secretions
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE |
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Term
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Definition
the most common antibody circulating in the body
-secondary response
-gives you the longest immunity |
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Term
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Definition
primary response
-plasma cells
-short term immunity |
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Term
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Definition
IgA - found in secretions (blood, saliva, colostrum)
IgE - involved in allergic reactions |
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Term
antibody production is a direct response to___
-involves interactions between __ cells and __ cells |
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Definition
antigen exposure
B cells and T cells |
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Term
| antigen-stimulated b cells do what in antibody production |
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Definition
| multiply and differentiate to form antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells (primary antibody response)primary exposure IgM |
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Term
| memory b cells do what in antibody production |
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Definition
| may live for years and quickly transform into antibody-secreting cells 9secondary antibody response) 2nd exposure - IgG |
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Term
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Definition
composed of a group of sequentially interacting proteins
-important role in innate and adaptive immunity and cell lyse |
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Term
| complement causes __ of pathogen |
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Definition
lysis or mark them for recognition by phagocytes
-lyses many gram-negative bacteria |
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Term
| enhancement of phagocytosis by antibody or complement binding is called __ |
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Definition
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