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| Credited for looking at 1st microscopic cells. Father of microbiology |
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| Life can arise from non-living matter. |
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| Disproved spontaneous generation |
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| Living organisms arise from preexisting life. |
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| Microorganisms are present in the air. S-shaped flask. Pasteurization. Sterilization of food. |
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| Kept microbes out but let air in. Designed by Pasteur |
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| Showed silkworm disease was caused by fungus |
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| Used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections |
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| Provided proof that bacteria causes anthrax. His postulates are a sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a disease. 1st to use solid media (gelatin) to grow bacteria. |
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Definition
| The study of evolutionary history of organisms |
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| Name the levels of Taxonomic Hierarchy (8 levels) |
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Definition
| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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| How are Binomial Nomenclatures written? |
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Definition
| First word capitalized. Italicized or underlined. |
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Definition
| Most abundant on Earth. Nitrogen fixers and recycle carbon. No membrane bound organelles. |
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| Methanogens. Halophiles. Hyperthermophiles. "Ancient bacteria." Prefer extreme environments. |
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Definition
| Group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves |
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Definition
| A population of cells with similar characteristics |
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Definition
| Population of cells derived from a single cell |
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| Genetically different cells within a clone |
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| Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche |
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Definition
| Contagious fluid. What viruses were known as prior to 1930's |
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Definition
| Showed Tobacco Mosaic Virus could be transferred from plant to plant |
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Definition
| 1980's-1990's. Time period where huge advancements in techniques for studying viruses were made |
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Definition
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| Why are viruses considered non-living? |
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Definition
| Cannot reproduce without host. Cannot do any cell processes. |
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Definition
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| Steps of Reproduction in bacteria |
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Definition
| Lytic cycle - attachment and penetration. Then either lysogenic cycle (period of latency) or biosynthesis (begins building viral parts in host) |
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Definition
| Newly formed viruses in host cells |
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| Retrovirus (8 RNA pieces, single stranded). Enveloped. 2 main classes (A and B, A is more severe). |
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| What do H and N stand for in influenza? |
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Definition
| Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase |
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Definition
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Definition
| Aids in lyses of the cell |
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| How influenza is transmitted |
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Definition
| Airborne in tiny droplets - direct hand to hand contact |
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Definition
| Fever, chills, muscle ache, cough, runny nose. Not intestinal. |
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Definition
| Process where a cell absorbs material |
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Definition
| Process where material leaves the cell |
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Definition
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
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Definition
| Hemophiliac. Controlled HIV via transfusion. |
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Definition
| Sharing needles, blood, sex, mom to child during birth |
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Definition
| White blood cell that coordinates immune response |
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Definition
| Converts RNA to DNA in the host |
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Definition
| How new DNA incorporates itself into host DNA. Slices host DNA and inserts. |
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Definition
| Viral enzyme. Assembles new HIV virus |
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Definition
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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Definition
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Definition
| Inflammatory illness of the lung |
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Definition
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| AIDS vs. Healthy classification |
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Definition
| AIDS - 200 or less CD4 Tcells per mL cubed of blood. Healthy - 400-1600 CD4 Tcells per mL cubed of blood. |
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Definition
| Dead or weakened form of virus to cause immune system to make memory cells |
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Definition
| Outer layer of bacterial cell (3 layers) |
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Definition
| Made of carbohydrates. Protection of bacteria and allows for adhering to something in the environment |
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Definition
| Determines bacterial shape. Provides support. Prevents collapsing or bursting from osmotic pressure. Made of peptidoglycan. |
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Definition
| Protein/carbohydrate structure |
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Definition
| Site for cell reactions. Controls what enters and exits the cell. Lipid bilayer. |
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Definition
| Sticks to each other and surfaces |
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Definition
| Long tubes that go through cell envelope (found in G- bacteria). Allow for conjugation. |
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Definition
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| Describe genetic material in bacteria |
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Definition
| Not in nucleus. Chromatin body or plasmids. |
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Definition
| Long, circular strand. Contains all minimal instructions for survival. |
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Definition
| Non-essential pieces of DNA. Gives bacteria extra characteristics. Carry info for antibiotic resistance and enzyme production. |
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Definition
| Site of protein synthesis. Many antibiotics attack it. |
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Definition
| Membrane enclosed storage sac |
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| High-tech survival structures produced in response to decrease nutrients. Produced inside cell to withstand heat, drying, freezing, and chemicals. Contains genetic material. Lasts forever. |
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Definition
| Ability to see individual poinnts and distinguish between 2 objects. |
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Definition
| Use stains in order to distinguish 1 part of the cell from another |
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Definition
| Switch from high to low with minimal focusing |
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| Oil Immersion Microscopes |
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Definition
| Eliminates distortion and collects light due to reflection and refraction. |
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Definition
| All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
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| Purpose of Aseptic Technique |
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Definition
| Prevent contamination by unwanted microbes. Safety. Maintain cultures. |
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Definition
| Heat water that is contaminated to kill bacteria |
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Definition
| Process of heating and cooling |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| 4 solutions for gram staining |
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Definition
| (1) Crystal Violet, (2) Iodine, (3) Ethyl Alcohol, (4)Safranin |
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Definition
| Normal microbiota. Bacterial fungus that live in/on our bodies that don't cause disease |
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Definition
| At birth, lactobacilli in the vagina are the 1st to contact an infant. Breathing, eating, and contact with people/surfaces then set up a person's flora. |
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| How many body cells do humans have |
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Definition
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| What percentage of our DNA is bacterial? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Picked up off surfaces or from contact. Present for days to a week. Usually don't cause illness. |
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Definition
| Bacteria that take over a weak host. Don't cause infection in healthy. |
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| How do you keep bacteria in check? |
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Definition
| Hygiene, natural flora compete, body's immune system |
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Definition
| Natural mutations that result in variance |
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Definition
| Viral infection in bacteria takes up pieces of DNA, creating resistance |
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| Inactivation (how genes code for or result in resistance) |
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Definition
| Gene codes for an enzyme released by bacteria that destroys the antibiotics |
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Term
| Alteration of the target (how genes code for or result in resistance) |
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Definition
| Genes that alter cell wall or ribosomes so antibiotic does not affect them |
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Term
| Alteration of permeability (how genes code for or result in resistance) |
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Definition
| Prevents entry of antibiotics into cell |
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Definition
| How bacteria reproduce through asexual reproduction and cell division |
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Definition
| Attacking/breaking cell wall. Attacking ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. |
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| Benefits of agar and broth |
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Definition
| Nutrients. Oxygen. Water/moisture. Temperature between 25°-38°. pH 6-8. Some require light. |
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Definition
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| Disadvantage of beef gelatin |
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Definition
| Bacterial enzymes easily dissolve. Can't withstand temps above 25°C |
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Definition
| Used agar instead of gelatin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Methicillin Resistant Stapylococcus aureus |
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Definition
| A circular bacteria commonly found as part of a person's natural flora |
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Definition
| Any population in close contact with other people |
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Definition
| Fever. Local swelling. Painful lesion or pimple. Buboes. |
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Definition
| Contact. Open wounds or cuts most common site of entry. |
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Definition
| Methicillin, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Ocacillin |
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Definition
| Proper aseptic technique. Hygiene. |
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Definition
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| Two species of bacteria used to make yogurt |
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Definition
| Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactococcus thermophilus |
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Definition
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| Chemical equation for fermentation of milk |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 --> Lactic Acid + 2ATP |
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Term
| Streptococcus thermophilus does what to milk |
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Definition
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| Lactobacillus bulgaricus does what to milk |
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Definition
| Converts lactose to lactic acid |
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Definition
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| Tart taste in yogurt comes from |
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Definition
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Definition
| Excessive incidence of disease within a population |
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Definition
| When epidemic expands beyond a single continent |
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Definition
| Any disease causing agent (bacteria, viruses, protozoans, molds) |
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| Organism that serves as an intermediary in host to host diseases (ex: mosquitoes caused by protozoan) |
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Definition
| Caused by contaminated food, water, etc. |
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Definition
| Transmitted from one affected organism to another |
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Definition
| Inanimate object that adheres or transmits infectious agents (ex: bedding, clothing, surgical tools) |
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| Bacteria causing black death |
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Definition
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| How Yersinia pestis affects humans |
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Definition
| Exchanged between flea and rodent. Contact with rodent infects humans. Or flea bite |
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Definition
| Collection of bacteria in lymph nodes |
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Definition
| Places in body where most white blood cells are and where pathogens are brought for processing |
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Definition
| Passed from person to person. Causes bleeding in lungs. 100% death rate |
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| Most well known black plague epidemic |
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Definition
| European plague of 14th century |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of sanitation and lack of knowledge about disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay |
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Term
| Direct ELISA tests for... |
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Definition
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Term
| Indirect ELISA tests for... |
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Definition
| Tests for antibodies (used in ELISA lab) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Made in response to antigens |
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Definition
| White blood cell engulfs complex |
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Definition
| Utilizes light waves for illumination |
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Definition
| Utilize beam of electrons for illumination |
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Term
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Definition
| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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Definition
| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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Definition
| Scanning Tunneling Microscope |
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Definition
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Term
| Low Power Magnification (Total including eyepiece) |
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Definition
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| Medium Power Magnification (Total including eyepiece) |
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Definition
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| High Power Magnification (Total including eyepiece) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Medium Power FOV = _____ μm |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Temporary Wet Mount Advantage |
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Definition
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| Temporary Wet Mount Disadvantage |
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Definition
| Fluid drifting and evaporation |
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| Hanging-Drop Technique Advantage |
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Definition
| Less drifting and evaporation. True motility of organism can be observed. |
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| Hanging-Drop Technique Disadvantage |
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Definition
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| Why organisms may appear to be moving |
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Definition
| Brownian Motion (H2O molecules hitting organism), Current Evaporation, Flagella |
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| Present everywhere (ie. bacteria) |
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| Occurs in grape-like clusters |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Cross-sectional shape of colony |
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Definition
| Magnified shape of colony |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Heat will set protoplasm of the bacteria so the bacteria sticks to the slide, kills bacteria |
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Definition
Bacillus
G-
Motile
1% of intestinal bacteria
Beige and feather appearance on dish |
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Term
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Definition
Cocci
G+
Staphylo, tetrad, diplo
Normal skin bacteria
Yellow and smooth glossy appearance |
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Term
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Definition
Bacillus
G+
5-7 μm
Found in soil/vegetation
Cream colored. Undulated appearance. |
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Term
| For every human cell there are ___#___ microbial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Three categories of organisms that makeup normal flora of body |
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Definition
Resident flora
Transient Flora
Opportunists |
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Term
| No bacteria found in intestines because... |
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Definition
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| Sites on body that support anaerobic bacteria |
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Definition
| Lower intestines, anterior urethra, vagina |
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Definition
| One that contains a single species of bacteria |
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Definition
| Technique of spreading bacteria thinly over a solid surface which allowed for a single bacterium to be deposited at some sites |
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Definition
| Red seaweed, polysaccharides, proteins |
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| How can you tell if it's a pure culture |
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Definition
| One color, form, elevation, etc. Then check with gram stain. |
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Definition
| Bacteria added in milk to make yogurt |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Why does the milk coagulate |
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Definition
| pH causes denaturing of casien |
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Definition
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| Number of genes and strands in RNA for HIV |
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Definition
4 genes in 2 strands
(codes for 9 proteins) |
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Definition
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Term
| Reverse transcriptase does what? |
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Definition
| Converts RNA to DNA in the host |
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Definition
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy for treatment of AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibiotics and antivirals |
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| Reason for reemerging diseases |
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Definition
| Antimicrobial drugs, chemicals/disinfects, misuse of drugs by doctors, patient misuse of antibiotics |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria responsible for "black plague" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| More bacteria in the blood than blood itself |
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| European Plague of the 14th century is believed to have come from.... |
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Definition
| Trade ships from the "orient" |
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Term
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Definition
| Minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-cellular obligate intracellular parasites |
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| Which bacteria causes denaturing of casien? |
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Definition
| Proteolytic enzymes from Lactobacillus bulgaricus denature milk protein casien |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood serum for antibodies against disease causing pathogens such as viruses and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Make for quicker reproduction of antibodies in the event of a repeat infection |
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| _____ sets up a person's flora |
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Definition
| Breathing, eating, contact with people/surfaces |
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