Term
| These receptors bind to free agents often found in bone marrow |
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Definition
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|
Term
| These receptors bind to processed antigens often found in the thymus |
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Definition
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Term
| This system is located on all cells except RBC and is used for self recognition |
|
Definition
| Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large glycoproteins that contain specific receptors to B Cells with 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light)in a Yshape and antigen binding sites |
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Definition
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|
Term
| These cell receptors are formed by genetic recombination |
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Definition
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Term
| Substance that provokes immune responses in specific lymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| patent T cell simulator producing an overwhelming response |
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Definition
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Term
| molecule on self tissues that tolerance is inadequate |
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Definition
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Term
| after the first exposure to antigen the immune system produces IgM and gradually increases in Ab titer. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| after a second contact with the same antigen, the immune system produces a rapid and strong response due to memory cells |
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Definition
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Term
| how proteins kill each other |
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Definition
| antigen-antibody reaction |
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Term
| recognition by T-cells and release of interleukins to begin immune system reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell used to assist T and B cells and to conduct an immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| cell used to destroy foreign cells by secreting perforins to lyse |
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Definition
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Term
| allergies that show reactions hours or days after initial contact |
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Definition
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Term
| cell used to limit number of T and B cells, and to turn off their actions |
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Definition
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Term
| misdirected expression of immune response |
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Definition
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|
Term
| abnormal response to antigen |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| type 1 hypersensitivity causing chronic local allergy such as hay fever and asthma |
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Definition
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|
Term
| type one hypersensitivity that is systemic and often causes airway constriction and circulatory collapse |
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Definition
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Term
| first dose of an allergen often with out S/S |
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Definition
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Term
| subsequent exposure to an allergen |
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Definition
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|
Term
| these cells degranulate when stimulated by allergen |
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Definition
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Term
| profuse and fast acting stimulus effecting SM, eosinphils, and glands |
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Definition
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Term
| algal, fungal (yeast), and protozoan |
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Definition
| 3 types of eucaryotic cells |
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Term
| found in animal cells, used for motility, feeding and filter |
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Definition
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Term
| outer boundary of polysaccharides used for protection, adherence, and signal reception |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this cell organelle holds the chromosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cell organelle where rRNA synthesis takes place |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this cell organelle stores lipids |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this cell organelle is where protein synthesis takes place |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this cell organelle is used in protein transport |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this cell organelle protects the cell against living microbes and helps with intra-cellular digestion |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this cell organelle found in plants that provides nutrients |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this cell organelle containing rRNA and protein and aid in protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| spores formed through budding |
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Definition
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|
Term
| spores formed through fusion of male and female strains |
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Definition
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|
Term
| these organisms live off dead plants and animal |
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Definition
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|
Term
| these organisms live off other organizim |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| can enter resting/dormant stage when non-favorable feeding conditions |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| flatworms and round worms that are commonly parasites to humans |
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Definition
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|
Term
| fully formed virus that is able to establish infection |
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Definition
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|
Term
| spectrum of cells a virus can infect |
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Definition
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|
Term
| virus induced damage to cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| misfolded protein with no nucleic acid often causing neurodegenerative disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| depends on other viruses for replication |
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Definition
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|
Term
| form of penetration when entire virus is engulfed and closed in a vacule/vessicle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| form of penetration when the envelope merges directly with the membrane resulting in nucleocaspids entry into cytoplasm |
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Definition
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|
Term
| form of release when the nucleocaspid binds to the membrane which pinches off and the virus is gradually shed |
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Definition
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|
Term
| form of release when a non envoloped and complex viruses released when the cell dies and ruptures |
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Definition
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|
Term
| lowest temperature that allows a microbes growth and metabolism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| highest temperature that allows microbes growth and metabolism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| temperature that promotes the fastest growth and metabolism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| optimum temperature below 15 degrees C |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| optimum temperature 20-40 degrees C, usually human pathogens |
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Definition
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|
Term
| optimum temperature greater than 45 degrees C |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| microbes that can grow in extreme acidic environments |
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Definition
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|
Term
| microbes that grow at extreme basic/alkaline environments |
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Definition
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|
Term
| utilize O2 and can detox it |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| only requires a small amount of O2 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| utilize O2 but can live without it |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| done use O2 but can survive in its presence |
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Definition
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|
Term
| organisms that grow in close nutritional relationships |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in this symbiotic relationship both members benifit and they are dependent on one an other |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in this symbiotic relationship the commensal member benifits, but the other member is unharmed |
|
Definition
| commensalism relationship |
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|
Term
| in this symbiotic relationship the parasite is dependent and benifits while the host is harmed |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This relationship contains free living organisms and are not required for survival |
|
Definition
| non-symbiotic relationship |
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|
Term
| in this non-sybiotic relationship members cooperate and share nutrients but neither thrives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in this non-sybiotic relationship some members anre inhibited/destroyed by others |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| in this stage of the growth curve the graph is flat with a period of adjustment and little growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in this stage of the growth curve there is a period of maximum growth often due to continuous food and good environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in this stage of the growth curve cell growth equals cell death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in this stage of the growth curve limiting factors intensify and cells die |
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Definition
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|
Term
| parent cell enlarges, duplicates chromosomes, form central transverse, and divides into two daughter cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| time required for binary fission to take place |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| when the binary fission cycle increases the population by factor of 2 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| sum of total genetic material of an organism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| change in phenotype due to change of genotype |
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Definition
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|
Term
| type of mutation caused by a random change in DNA due to errors in replication that occurs without cause |
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Definition
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|
Term
| type of mutation that results from exposure to known mutagens physical or chemical that interact with DNA in a disruptive manner |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when organism acquires and expresses genes originated from another organism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| transfer of plasmid/chromosomal fragments from donor cell to recipient cell via direct connection |
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Definition
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|
Term
| chromosomal fragments from lysed cells are accepted by recipient cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteriophage serves as a carrier of DNA from donor cell to recipient |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this method of control destroys all microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this method of control destroys all vegetative pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this method of control when disinfectant is applied to a bodily surface |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| this method of control using a cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| this method of control decreases the number of microbes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| intermittent sterilization for a substance that cannot withstand autoclaving |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying food flavor and value |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| freeze drying/preservation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| type of radiation that causes deep penetration and breaks DNA |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| type of radiation that causes little penetration and must be directly exposed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this germicidal category denatures proteins, examples included chlorine and iodine |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| common metabolic products of aerobic spore forming bacteria/fungi |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| drugs that kill/inhibit microbial cells without simultaneously damaging the host tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs effective on small ranges of microbes, and target specific cell that is only in certain microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs with great range of activity and targets cell components on most pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug competes with normal substrate for enzyme active site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| additive effect achieved by multiple drugs working together requiring low doses of each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eventually the population will be resistant caused by selective pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbes engaging in mutual/commensal association like that in the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition with pathogenic microbes penetrating host defense, enters tissues, and multiplies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deviation from health, disruption of tissue or organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathogen capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathogens that cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or with they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them. Ex: candida and psudemonas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of people effected by illness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease that causes loss of pain perception and deep nodule infections on the face and extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria, fungi, viruses, protazoa, worms, algea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unicellular organisms without nucleus and are membrane bound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unicellular/multicellular organisms with nucleus and are membrane bound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acellular parasitic particles composed of nucleic acid and protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first to observe living microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| developed the scientific method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| theory stating life forms could arise from vital forces present in nonliving/decomposing matter and was disproved by Pastuer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diseases were caused by growth of microbes not sins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orderly arrangement of organisms into groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| discovering and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxenomic schemes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long thin helical structure composed of protein flagellin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rings stacked anchored to cell wall that aid in motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hairlike bristles that adhere to other cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tubular protein structure found only in gram neg cells join bacterial cells for conjugation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thick cell wall primarily of peptidoglycan/cell membrane. when stains it retains crysal violet and turns purple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| outer cell membrane with thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane. Stains red from safranin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strong flexible layer helping with cell support keeping from cell burst or pressure due to changes in osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intracellular storage bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| able to withstand extreme temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| return to vegetative growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shape of bacilli bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| defense that has a barrier to block portal of entry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| line of defense that has protective cells and fluids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| line of defense that is acquired with previous exposure to foreign body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| defense response that is the same every time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| defense response that gives a unique response every exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the body's second and third lines of defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| detect foreign bodies and signal macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does pyrogensis or a fever do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage that extract info from foreign matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small protein used to produce a response to virus, antigens, and RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| production of specific antibodies by dual system of B and T lyphocytes in response to encounter of foreign body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies produce function against the antigen they were produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recall the first encounter with an antigen and respond to subsequent encounters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of immunity that causes production of antibodies and creates memory, takes time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of immunity that antibodies donated and does not create memory, does not take a long time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of immunity that is normal with life experiences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of immunity that is a vaccine or medical |
|
Definition
|
|
