1. Mitochondria have their own circular loop of DNA

2. Mitochondria reproduce independently

3. Mitochondria have 70s Ribosomes and make their own proteins

4. Mitochondira have double membrane (inner could be from the small aerobic bacterium and the outer one could be from the cell that phagocytized it

This could also explain the origins of chloroplasts in algae that theoretically evolved into plants

What type of microbiologists study the following

Protozoa

Algae

Fungi

Inverebrate Animals

Protozology

Phycology

Mycology

Parasitology

Eukaryotes and Unicellular

Subkingdom: Protozoa (eukaryotes, unicellular, hetertrophs)

Subkingdom: Algae (eukaryotes, unicellular (colonial) autotrophs

-subkingdom Protozoa 

- amoeba

- use psuedopods for movement

- ex: Naegleria fowleri

Entamoeba histolytica

subkingdom Protozoa

-use flagella for motility

ex: Trhciomonas vaginalis

Giardia lamblia

Chaga's disease

- use cilia for motility (paramecia)

-hairlike

-ex: Balantidum coli

- they have no independent means of motility

(at the mercy of body fluid for movement)

-only on class in this phylum: sporozoa

-ex: plasmodium spp. (malaria

Toxoplasma gondii

Cryptosporidium parvum

How are algae classified?

By their pigments

Green Algae - ancestors of land plants

Red Algae- source of agar

Brown Algae - kelp and other large ocean seaweeds

Golden Algae - Makes massive amounts of 02 gas

Fire Algae - dinoglagellates cause red tide, bioluminsce

Euglena - can be autotrophs or hetertrophs (hetertrophs when there is no sunlight

1. they are decomposers

2. they produce antibiotics

3. serve as a source of food (saphrophytes)

What does superficial dermatomycoses mean?

Candida albicans - part of your normal flora

thrush-oral

vaginal yeast infections

What is tineas?

What are the 3 possible genera?

Ringworm

Trichophyton - hari skin nails

Microsporum - hair aor skin

Epidermophyton - skin or nails

- Sabourad's dextrose Agar

- Skin scraping in KOH (will show branch like structure)

-woods lamp (flourescent light) some glow in the dark

What are inhaled fungal infections?

Example:

Deep systemic mycoses

Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis)

Cryptococcosis, Blastomycosis, Coccioidomycoses

Flatworms (playtehelminths)

Roundworms (nematodes)

Segmented worms (annelids)

Tapeworms (from undercooked or raw beef, pork, fish)

Liver and Lung Flukes - goes through specific cycle: human, snail, crayfish, human

Pinworms (peri-anal itching) - transmitted anal-oral

Hookworms - larvae go through skin. Barefee increase rate of transmission

Heartworms - dogs and cats get from mosquitos

phylum Apicomplexa

Vector: Anopheles mosquito

Cause: Malaria

symptoms: chills, fever, headache, vomiting

-kills 1,000,000 people worldwide each year

-etiologic agent: Lyme disease

trasmission: deer tick

sighns: classic bulls eye rash

Cause: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Vector: Tick

-small animals act as resevoir (rodents, chipmunks, squirrels)

-most cases occur in easter and southeastern US

-sudden headaches, fever, rash, may lead to death if untreated

Rickettsia prowazekii

etiologic agent of typhus

-Vector: human louse

-high fever, frontal headache, muscle pain, rash

-common during wars, close quarters of uncleanliness, concentration camps

etiologic agent: the plague

vector: rat flea (small woodland creatures)

Infection of the lymph node: bubonic plague

Infection of circulatory system: black plague

Inhaled infection: Pneumonic plague

-black come from black spts on their skin from clogged and broken capillaries

St. Louis, EEE, WEE, VEE, West Nile

vector: mosquito

test chickens and rabbits act as "sentinels"

Viral encephalitis

Yellow Fever (Aedes aegypti)

Dengue Fever

Malara (Anopheles mosquito)

phylum Mastigophria

etilogic: Chaga's disease

Vector: Reduvid (kissing) bug

-Protozoan that affects circulatory system

-can have for decades before problems occur

etiologic agent: African Sleeping Sickness

vector: Tsetse fly

-affects brain, causes coma, then death

Scabies - mites

Intense skin itchiness

-not the same mite that causes mange in animals

lice

Pediculus humanis - body louse

Pediculus humanis capitis - head louse

Pediculus corporus - body

Phthirus pubis - crab lice

all types of cells appear to have viruses that can infect them

-each organisms has their own specific virus

-viruses are obligate intracellular parasites (cannont do anything w/o a living cell)

an individual virus particle

Protein capsid and DNA or RNA (never both)

Attachment - the phage attaches to a bacterial cell

Penetration: it penetrates the cell injecting its DNA or RNA

Biosynthesis: its DNA tells the cell what to do

-Viral components are then assembled into virions

-the host cell lyses and new virions are released

(Quick Kill Cycle)

When a virion invades the bacterial host cell, the viral genetic material becomes incorporated into the the host genetic material. It replicates and can lie dormant for generation of binary fission. Stresses to the cell can cause the prophage to remove itself from the bacterial chromosome association causing the lytic cycle to occur in the infected cell.

(Postponement of Infection)

Provirus

ex: HIV

The following viruses cause what type of cancer?

Epstein Barr Virus

Hepatitis B and C Virus

Human Papilloma Virus

Burkitts Lymphoma

liver cancer

cervical cancer

Pro - None

Eu- Present: double membrane with pores

proteinaceous infectious particles that cause:

scrapi (sheep)

Kuru (New Guinea cannibals)

Mad Cow (Bovine spongiform encephalophathy BSE

Pro - No

Eu-present in the nucleus, assembles ribosomes

Pro - Single Circular Loop

Eu-Linear molecules with histone proteins (double helix ladder)

Pro - binary fission

Eu-mitosis

Pro- Conjugation

Eu-meiosis, followed by fertilization

Pro - No Sterols, except mycoplasms

Eu - have sterols

Pro - 70s

Eu-80s except in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Pro - None

Eu-mitochondria, chloroplast, E.R, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes

Pro-in cytoplasm and cell membrane

Eu-cytoplasm and mitochondiria

Pro-chlorophyll on folds of cell membrane

Eu-chlorophyll in chloroplasts

Pro- Peptidoglycan

Eu-plants-cellulose

fungi-chitin

Pro - some

Eu- some

Pro- Bacillus and Clostridium

Eu-None

Pro- Photosynthetic bacteria

Eu-none

Pro- Flagella, Pili, Fimbrae

Eu- Flagella, Cilia, psuedopods

Pro - None

Eu- "9 and 2" arrangements in flagella and cilia

Pro- <10 microns

Eu- > 10 microns