Term
| WHat are primary immunodeficiencies? Secondary immunodeficiencies? |
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Definition
| present at birth (caused by genetic defects); acquired later in life (have numerous causes) |
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Term
| What do defects in phagocytes lead to? |
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Definition
| repeated and persistant infections in early childhood |
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Term
| What does Chediak-Higashi syndrome result from? |
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Definition
| results from a mutation in LYST (a protein that controls lysosome formation) |
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Term
| What results from defects in complement proteins? |
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Definition
| persistent bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders ad macular degeneration |
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Term
| What is congenital agammaglobilinemia? |
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Definition
| lack of antibodies in blood which leads to difficulties fighting off mucosal infection |
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Term
| What is adenosine deaminase? |
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Definition
| destruction of mature B and T cells (adenosine builds up in lymphocytes because they cant be broken down and kill the cells) |
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Term
| What are the several natural causes of the non-genetic acquired immune deficiencies? |
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Definition
| infections, diseases, malnutrition, pregnancy and aging |
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Term
| What are the several chemical causes of non-genetic acquired immune ddeficiencies? |
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Definition
| burns, radiation, drugs, immunosuppressive agents and removal of organs |
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Term
| What are phenotypic tests? |
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Definition
| the identify the pathogen by determining its morphology, biochemistry, and physiology (how they act and how they look) |
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Term
| What are genotypic tests? |
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Definition
| identify the pathogen by characterizing it genetic makeup (DNA and RNA) |
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Term
| What are immunologic tests? |
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Definition
| use antibodies to directly identify the pathogen or measure the presence of pathogen-specific antibodies in patient samples |
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Term
| What are phenotypic tests used for? |
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Definition
| different phenotypes can be used to determine the identity of a bacterial or fungal specimen |
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Term
| What are examples of phenotypic tests? |
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Definition
| growth in specific media, biochemical characteristics, morphology, motility, stain reactions, shape, and oxygen requirements |
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Term
| WHat is a flow chart that has 2 choices at each branch called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a monoclonal antibody? |
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Definition
| a single antibody that recognize a single epitope and can be purified in large quantites (we can make very large amounts of these antibodies) |
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Term
| Who discovered the principle for the production of monoclonal antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are monoclonal antibodies produced from? |
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Definition
| mouse B cells (inject antigen to mouse, harvest liver, mix plasma cells with myeloma cells, end up with cells that can make antibodies) |
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Term
| What do agglutination tests test for? what is a positive test? |
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Definition
| if there are antigens or antibodies present; positive test is clumping which shows that there is both present (after addition of one) |
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Term
| What happens on a precipitation reaction when there are both antigens and antibodies present? |
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Definition
| a band forms because they move together |
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Term
| What is a positive test for complement fixation? |
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Definition
| cant see through the blood sample because the complement binds to the antigen instead of the red blood cell so it doesnt lyse the blood cells |
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Term
| What do western blots detect? Why is it not used in diagnostic labertories? |
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Definition
| presense of pathogen proteins in patient samples; time consuming and expensive |
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Term
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Definition
| testing for antibodies in serum using florescent tags |
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Term
| What is the purpose of florecsent antibodies? |
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Definition
| they bind to antibodies that are bound to antigen so they visibly detect pathogen and cells |
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Term
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Definition
| to detect antibodies and proteins in patient or research sample |
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Term
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Definition
| tests for antibodies in the sample by coating the wells in antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| testing for antigen presence by coating the wells with antibody |
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Term
| What are home pregnancy tests an example of? How do they work? |
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Definition
| ELISA; There is a bound antibody in the window of the test and a free antibody with gold bound to it. when hCG is present in the urine the free antibody with the gold binds to the bound antibody creating a color change in the window |
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