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“pre-nucleus” (Bacteria, Eubacteria, & Archaebacteria: also called Extremophiles b/c they love extreme environments like no oxygen or deep ocean vent environments).
No Nuclei/Nucleus, No Organelles.
Have DNA/Chromosomes.
Only Single celled.
Smaller than eukaryotic cells.
All Prokaryotes are microorganisms! |
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“true Nucleus“ (Algae, Fungi: Yeast & Mushrooms, & Protozoans: Disease causing Amoeba).
Have Nuclei/Nucleus & Organelles.
Single & Multi-cellular cell.
Only some Eukaryotes are microorganisms! |
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"Not Cells"
Much simpler than cells.
Have to be in a cell to replicate.
Highly dependent on a host cell’s machinery for their activities.
NOT ALIVE!!!!! |
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| An Englishman, explores various living & non-living matter with a compound microscope that uses reflected light. |
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| A Dutch linen merchant, uses a simple microscope of his own design to observe bacteria & protozoa. |
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| (Spontaneous Generation Theory): Certain living things arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter, like maggots being produced from rotting meat. |
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| Living things arise only from others of their same kind, disproves Abiogenesis. |
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| An Italian Naturalist, supports Biogenesis. He puts meat inside a jar and covers it with gauze. Flies couldn’t get to the meat so laid eggs on gauze. Maggots were made without contact of the meat, which showed that maggots were the offspring of flies and didn’t arise from a vital force in the meat. |
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| English Surgeon who created the Small Pox Vaccine: He observed that young women working as milk maids got cow pox but then never got small pox. Jenner used cow pox virus to create a small pox vaccine. |
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| Microorganisms can cause infectious disease. |
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Creates the “Swan Neck” Experiment (one tube cracked, one not) that finally ends the theory of spontaneous generation.
Pasteur is also known for creating pasteurization & the Rabies Vaccine. |
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Started “Hand Washing”.
Semmelweis believed that chances of a infectious disease is higher if a surgeon didn’t wash their hands. He believed that by washing your hands you prevent the transmission of germs. Washing hands to prevent germs was non-existent before the 1900s. (Semmelweis’s theory was that women giving birth would contract infectious diseases from their physician’s dirty hands). |
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| Took notice of Ignaz Semmelweis’s theory and introduced aseptic techniques to minimize microorganisms in a medical setting. He would use a compound called “phenol” to kill microorganisms (disinfect) on the hands and in the air before surgery. |
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| Used Anthrax to developed postulates and prove that specific microorganisms cause a specific disease. Koch’s Postulates were able to discover the cause of 20 diseases from 1875-1900. |
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| Discovered the Antibiotic “Penicillin”. Before this discovery infectious disease was treated with heavy metals which caused more illness. Fleming discovered that mold produced penicillin, which kills bacteria. |
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| James Watson & Francis Crick |
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Definition
| determined the structure of DNA. |
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| Francois Jacob & Jacques Monod |
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| discovered mRNA and the regulation of gene expression. |
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Definition
contains Positively charged Protons & Neutral Neutrons.
Protons + Neutrons = the weight of an Atom. |
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| Contain Negatively charged Electrons. |
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| the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an element. The type of bond an element can make is determined by the valence. |
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| Basic Structure of an Atom |
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Definition
| Nucleus,Electron Shell, Valence. |
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| Covalent Bond,Ionic Bond, Hydrogen Bond. |
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| (Shared electrons). A bond that allows for two elements to share electrons. |
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(Electron transfer). Electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another and are not shared. This occurs between atoms that have unfilled outer shells and are willing to gain or lose electrons.
Lose electron = positive, Gain electron = negative. |
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| (Attracted Forces). A hydrogen covalent bond is very attracted to oxygen or nitrogen. The positively charged hydrogen in the covalent bond attracts negatively charged atoms near by, mostly attracted to Oxygen. |
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Definition
| requires energy. In order to make a reaction work you must use heat or find a way to make energy. |
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| Proton donor = giving up hydrogen ions. |
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| Proton acceptor = gaining hydrogen ions. |
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Water has a pH=7 which is Neutral.
Any solution with a pH higher than 7 is acidic. Any solution with a pH lower than 7 is basic. |
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| Helps the body maintain its pH. |
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| an Organic, biological compound |
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Used as a solvent, Reactant, or product in chemical reactions.
Polarity allows for hydrogen bonding to occur.
Due to polarity: high boiling point, ice is less dense than liquid water, and a temperature buffer. |
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| Carbon & Hydrogen are always present & usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen are also present. |
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| Large Molecules built from smaller molecules. There are 4: Nucleic acids, Protein, Lipids, & Carbs. |
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| DNA & RNA are both polymers of repeating units called Nucleotides. |
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Definition
Sugar: Deoxyribose (Loss of oxygen which increases the stability of the molecule).
Base: Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine.
Phosphate
Double helix, usually double stranded, stable. |
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| Genetic Material for all living things. |
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Definition
Sugar: Ribose (Has oxygen).
Base: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine.
Phosphate
Usually single stranded. |
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Definition
| mRNA=Messenger RNA, rRNA=Ribosomal RNA, tRNA=Transfer RNA all pass genetic information in prokaryotes & eukaryotes. Function in gene expression & genetic material for certain viruses. |
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| Ribonucleic acid & 3 Phosphates. |
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| The energy making molecule. |
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| The building blocks of proteins are Amino acids. A group of 50 or more Amino acids linked together. |
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Definition
| 20 essential amino acids. They are structured with a Amine group, R group, and Carboxyl group. All amino acids have the same groups expect the R group changes for each one. ( R groups can contain Sulfur) |
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Definition
| A group of 15 amino acids linked together by an amino group on one amino acid and a carboxyl group on another amino acid. |
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| A group of 20 or more Amino acids linked together. |
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Definition
| Primary structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Quaternary Structure. |
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| Simple chain of amino acids. |
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Definition
| The formation of alpha helix or beta pleated sheets. |
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Definition
| Double Helix gains its 3D shape, Protein folding due to hydrophobic interactions. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic want to be on the right sides causing this fold & 3D shape. Disulfide bridge of Cysteine also contributes. |
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| Aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains. |
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Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.
Hexose= 6 carbon sugar= Glucose.
All six Carbon sugars have the same formula, however their structures differ depending on which side the OH is on.
Pentose= 5 carbon sugar= Ribose. |
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Definition
Monosaccharides= one sugar
(Glucose, Fructose)
Disaccharides= two Monosaccharides.
(Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose) |
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| Chains of sugar molecules (Monosaccharides) which create carbohydrates such as Starch, Glycogen, & Cellulose. |
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| Fats (Not soluble in polar solvents such as water). |
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| small molecule with 3 hydroxyl (OH)groups |
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| long nonpolar hydrocarbon tails and polar carboxyl (COOH) group. |
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