Term
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Definition
| killing and removing all forms of microbes including spores |
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Term
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Definition
| killing most infectious disease-causing microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| disinfectant safe to use on tissues (skin and mucous membranes) |
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Term
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Definition
like a pressure cooker steam at 121C for 15-20 minutes to kill bacterial spores |
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Term
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Definition
hot air at 160-180C for 2-3 hours, no pressure, no moisture note: heat doesn't penetrate as well as moisture |
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Term
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Definition
ethylene oxide expensive toxic must allow vapor to dissipate over night |
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Term
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Definition
used for heat labile solutions can retain viruses because pores are big enough for them to pass |
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Term
| Type of disinfectant that disrupts cell membranes. |
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Definition
Phenols (EPA registered) Alcohols (not EPA registered) Detergents |
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Term
| Disinfectant that modifies proteins |
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Definition
Chlorine (EPA registered, hospital grade 1:10 dilution) Iodine: (EPA registered) Heavy metal salts Hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
| Intermediate level or hospital grade disinfectant |
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Definition
| Able to kill mycobacterial tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits/kills the microbe, but is nrelatively non-toxic to host |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the toxic dose for the microbe and the toxic dose for the host |
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Term
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Definition
activity against a broad/narrow range of microbes the category(ies) of antimicrobial effect a drug covers |
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Term
| minimumal inhibitory concentration |
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Definition
dose required to inhibit growth DOESN'T kill microbes |
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Term
| List three major bacterial mechanisms targeted by antimicrobial drugs |
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Definition
- Cell wall synthesis
- Protein synthesis
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Cell membrane cynthesis
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Term
| minimal bactericidal concentration |
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Definition
| concentration required to kil microbes |
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Term
| Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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Definition
- penicillins
- cephalosporins
- vancomycin
- bacitracin
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Term
| Antibiotics that inihibit protein synthesis |
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Definition
- AMG
- tetracyclins
- macrolides
- clindamycin
- chloramphenicol
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Term
| Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis |
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Definition
- quinolones
- rifampin
- sulfonamides
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Term
| Antibiotics that inhibit cell membrane synthesis |
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Definition
- polymixins
- polyenes
- -azoles (metronidazole)
- isoniazid
- terbinifine
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Term
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Definition
beta lactam ring inhibits transpeptidase microbe can't corsslink NAM-NAG unable to make cell wall apoptosis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
Penicillins Cephalosporins |
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Term
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Definition
Binds to D-ala precursor (substrate) and blocks transpeptidation alternative to beta lactam drugs beta lactams bind the enzyme, whereas vancomycin binds the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
Gentamycin, neomycin, kanamycin bactericidal (irreversible binding) binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit usually topical cream for burns/lesions nephrotoxicity w/systemic use* |
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Term
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Definition
doxycycline bacteriostatic binds to 30S ribosomal subunit primarily vs. chlamydia, mycoplasma, and rickettsiae |
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Term
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Definition
Erythromycin, azithromycin bacteriostatic binds to 50S ribosomal subunit |
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Term
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Definition
lincomycin bacteriostatic binds to 50S ribosomal subunit primarily used vs. anaerobic bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
a broad spectrum antibiotic acts on the 50S ribosomal subunit bacteriostatic/cidal |
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Term
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Definition
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase activity blocks DNA replication bactericidal/broad spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
Sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, septra inhibits folic acid synthesis bacteriostatic Septra has synergistic effect because it affects different steps of the synthesis pathway |
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Term
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Definition
Polyes (eg. amphotericin B, nystatin) - binds to ergosterol and creates pores
-azoles like miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole
- inihibits ergosterol synthesis
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Term
| Antimicrobial susceptibility tests |
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Definition
Broth Dilution Technique Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Technique ETEST |
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Term
| List three mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance |
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Definition
- Drug degradation
- Target alteration
- Denial of entry
- Efflux pumps
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Term
| Drug degradation or modification by bacteria |
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Definition
Mode of antimicrobial resistance Eg. hydrolyzation of beta lactamases leads to penicillin resistance Acetyltransfereases inactivate AMGs by acetylation |
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Term
| Drug Target Alteration by bacteria |
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Definition
mode of antimicrobial drug resistance via mutation of protein or outer polysaccharide via acquisition of new DNA Eg. acquiring methylases via a plasmid can methylate 23S rRNA and prevent erythromycin from binding Eg. structural change of bacterial transpeptidases mediates resistance to nafcillin by preventing binding of drugs |
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Term
| Denial of drug entry by bacteria |
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Definition
mode of antimicrobial resistance structural mutation which inhibits antibiotics from entering cell Eg. reduced porin channel size deters beta lactam antibiotics from entering |
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Term
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Definition
mode of antimicrobial resistance via new DNA acquisition uses active transport efflux pumps that pump tetracyclin out faster than it can get in |
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Term
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Definition
inhibits RNA polymerase bacteriocidal rapid resistance, therefore usually used in combination |
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Term
| Body Guards for Penicillins |
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Definition
Ampicillin with sulbactam Amoxicillin with clavulanate Clavulanate binds to beta lactamses so that penicillin can act on the microbe |
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