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Definition
| Single Flagelluma at 1 pole |
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Definition
| one pole with several flagella |
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Definition
| flagella all over the cell |
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Definition
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Definition
| chracteristic of spirochetes, axial filament with flagella in periplasm |
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Definition
| multiple operons affected by a single regulatory protein |
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Definition
| multiple genes and operonss whose expression is controlled by a single stimulus. e.g. heat shock proteins |
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Definition
| base substitution mutations in which a purine is changed to another purine(A-G) or a pyramidine is switched to another pyramidine (C-T) |
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Term
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Definition
| base substitution mutations in which a purine is changed to pyramidine(A-T) or a pyramidine is switched to a purine (C-G) |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation that results in incorporation of a different amino acid |
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Definition
| mutation in which amino acid is changed to a stop codon and prematurely terminates the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| binding of the regulatory protein to DNA turns the genes on. in this case the regulator is an activator. the default state is off. |
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Term
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Definition
| binding of the regulatory protein to DNA turns the genes off. regulatory protein is called a repressor. default state is on. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical that binds to a regulatory protein that turns genes on. regulatory protein can be an activator or a repressor. allolactose is an example. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical that binds to a regulatory protein that turns genes off. regulatory protein can be an activator or a repressor. |
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Term
| What has to be present to turn Lac operon on? |
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Definition
| Allolactose must be present to bind and inhibit the repressor from binding to the operator sequence and high levels of cAMP must be present from lack of glucose to bind to CAP. the CAP-cAMP complex then binds to the promoter and interacts with RNA polymerase causing high levels of transcription |
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Term
| What are the 2-3 and 1-4 hairpin in the Trp operon? |
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Definition
| 2-3 is the stable interaction of complementary regions that allow further transcription when there is low concentrations of Trp. 1-4 hairpin is formed in Trp excess that will prevent further transcription and serves as the terminator. |
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Term
| What is the phosphorylating type two component system? |
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Definition
| system that enables bacteria to monitor the external environment for signals that differ between the host and the external environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of bacteria to sense cell density |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of genetic information from one cell to another via naked DNA. sensitive to DNAse, does not require cell to cell contact, does not involve bacteriophage particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to bind and take up exogenous naked DNA. DNA is fragmented during uptake. results in transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| competence developed under unusual laboratory conditions like high salt and heat shock for E Coli. DNA is taken up in an intact form. |
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Term
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Definition
| short burst of high electric field that transiently permeabilize the cells and cause them to take up molecules around them. competence is not involved. DNA is taken up in an intact form. |
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Term
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Definition
| direct transfer of genetic material from one cell to another via direct cell-cell contact. requires specific surface proteins, DNAse resistant, does not involve a phage |
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Definition
| covalently closed, circular, supercoiled DNA molecules that replicate autonomously, are stably inherited in an extrachromosomal state. can integrate and exist as linear structures too. |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents two related plasmids from stably replicating in the same cell |
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Term
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Definition
| property of conjuagative plasmids that prevent entry of a plasmid into a cell that already has a closely related plasmid |
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Term
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Definition
| hosts in which the plasmid can replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| number of copies of a plasmid per cell. determined by plasmid replication system and not size. |
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Term
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Definition
| non-conjugative plasmid that can be mobilized to transfer by another conjugative plasmid. they are oriT+ and tra-. |
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Term
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Definition
| have ability to promote their own transfer. are tra+ and oriT+. |
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Term
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Definition
| non-conjugative plasmids that can't transfer under any condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| have no F factor. are good recipients for DNA tranfer by conjugation. |
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Term
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Definition
| contain an extrachromosomal F factor. are poor recipients for conjugation due to their synthesis of surface exclusion proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the F factor is integrated into the chromosome. are poor recipients for conjugation due to their synthesis of surface exclusion proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| has an extrachromosomal F factor that also carries some chromosomal genes incorporated during aberrant excision of an integrated plasmid. are poor recipients for conjugation due to their synthesis of surface exclusion proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete DNA elements that carry promotorless antibiotic resistance genes. integrate into specific sites, unlike transposons |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of genetic material by a phage particle |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs by mistaken packaging of a piece of host DNA into a phage particle instead of phage DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs by aberrant excision of a prophage leading to incorporation of a small piece of host DNA into the phage genome. found only in lysates made by induction. only genes next to the prophage attachment site are transduced. phage genes are lossed. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when transduced DNA does not recombine into host chromosome and instead circularizes to form a plasmid. will be passed down to only one daughter cells and therefore forming microcolonies |
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Term
| High frequency Transducing lysate |
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Definition
| results from a an induced transductant that arises by lysogenation with both a transducing phage and a normal helper phage. |
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Term
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Definition
| short 1-2kb DNA segments with a short 15-50 bp inverted repeats at the ends. no detectable phenotypes except transposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the pathogen is located in an otherwise sterile site |
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Term
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Definition
| whent the pathogen is located in an otherwise sterile site, but must pass through a site containing normal flora |
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Term
| sample from a site with normal flora |
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Definition
| sample collected is a mixture, then the normal flora are inhibited under growth conditions for analysis, e.g. throat swab, stool sample |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of antibody of patient serum to antigen attached to RBC or latex particle by visible agglutination. Fastest test 5-10 min, but false negative can occur if not sufficient sample size |
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Term
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Definition
| very sensitive analysis that does not require much DNA in specimen. very fast 3-5hrs. It is expensive and prone to having false positives and false negatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| amplification and detection take place at same time. cheaper and faster (1-2 hrs) than regular PCR. |
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Term
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Definition
| obligat intracellular parasites that replicate by self-assembly of individual components rather than by binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
| are same sense as mRNA, they can be used as mRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| genome replication for +RNA virus |
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Definition
| translated by host ribosome into polyprotein that is then cleaved. viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase just translated now transcribes a -RNA strand that will be used as a template to generate more +RNA strands that will be translated by host ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| post penetration phase until a virus can be detected intracellularly. corresponds to uncoating, early transcription, and genome replication steps; ends at virus assembly. |
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Term
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Definition
| post-penetration phase until virus can be detected extracellularly. includes the eclipse period. corresponds to uncoating, early transcription, genome replication, virus assembly, and release. |
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Term
| genome replication pathway in -RNA virus |
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Definition
| incoming viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase transcribes a +RNA strand that is translated by host ribosome into proteins and is used as a template for -RNA genome production. |
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Term
| genome replication in retrovirus |
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Definition
| incoming viral reverse transcriptase converts +RNA viral genome into dsDNA that is integrated into host genome. |
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Term
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Definition
| wild type virus in cell with mutant virus that can't replicate will be able to infect another cell thanks to helper wild type proteins. however, mutant cell will not be able to replicate after infection. a so called exchange of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| an echange of genetic material on the same segment of genome. Mutant cell switches DNA with wild type and now can function normally. |
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Term
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Definition
| an exchange of genetic material on different segments of the genome. results in novel strain of virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the period postinfection prior to the onset of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| virus is produced at low levels, but may not continue to cause disease symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| virus genome remains in cells indefinitely, but virus particles are not produce except during reactivation |
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Term
| transforming viral infection |
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Definition
| intact or partial virus genome integrates into cellular DNA or is otherwise maintained in the cell and immortalizes the cell, alters its growth properties |
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Term
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Definition
| protein kinase pathway inactivates translation factor eIF-2, inhibits viral protein translation |
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Term
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Definition
| activates RNase L which cleaves RNA, destroying RNA genomes or inhibiting viral transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| proyteins are GTPases that inhibit RNA polymerase activity |
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Term
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Definition
| antiviral that fits into cleft in the peceptor binding canyon of the capsid of picornavirus |
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Term
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Definition
| antiviral that inhibits the uncoating of influenza A by neutralizing the acidity of the the internal viral environment preventing flu virus fusion and escape. |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits nucleoside biosynthesis and as a result inhibits mRNA cap formation and inhibits some RNA polymerases |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit flu A and B neuraminidase which stops budding |
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