Term
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Definition
| a single organism from one colony (one isolated colony) |
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Definition
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Definition
| the bacterial assemblage of normal components found on the skin or mucosal membranes of the body (nose, throat, intestines, vagina) |
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Definition
| an organism that can cause a disease |
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Term
| color, shape, size, consistency |
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Definition
| List 4 characteristics by which bacterial colonies can be distinguished |
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Term
| to prevent contamination from airborne microbes |
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Definition
| Why should a petri dish not be left open for extended periods of time? |
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Term
| each time you rotate the plate and streak w/a sterilized loop, you are dragging less organisms |
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Definition
| Why is streaking called "streak dilution"? |
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Term
| (a) it is an enrichment that mimics the human environment, and (b) blood agar differentiates for hemolytic vs. non-hemolytic colonies |
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Definition
| List 2 reason blood agar is used for throat cultures: |
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Term
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Definition
| partial clearing and greening on BAP is called... |
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Term
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Definition
| Total clearing of blood around colony on BAP is called |
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Term
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Definition
| No hemolysis on BAP is called... |
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Term
| 1)Sample dilutions are made. An aliquot of each dilution is put in a sterile plate. Molten agar is added & mixed colonies are counted after a couple of days. *can calculate # of bacteria/ml* |
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Definition
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Term
| not all bacteria will grow in the chosen media, therefore cell #'s may be underestimated |
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Definition
| What are the disadvantages of a pour plate? |
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Term
| for quality control in the food industry |
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Definition
| What are pour plates primarily used for? |
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Term
| to prevent condensation falling on the colonies |
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Definition
| Why are all culture plates stored in an inverted position? |
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Term
| inoculating from an original pure culture into new medium (broth or plate) |
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Definition
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Term
| One needs a pure isolate so that you can identify the organism (the pathogen) & test for antibiotic sensitivity. |
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Definition
| Why is it necessary to make pure subcultures of organisms grown from clinical specimens? |
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Term
| shoe, floor, gas handle controls |
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Definition
| What type of surfaces produced too many colonies to count? (TNTC) |
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Term
| The O.R., Oncology, maternity, Burn unit, Sterile processing unit, the Wound clinic, and ICU |
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Definition
| Where in hospitals must organisms be reduced to a minimum? |
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Term
| to prevent microorganisms in hair from contaminating patients |
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Definition
| Why should hair be kept clean and controlled when caring for patients? |
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Term
| Keep hair tied back, wash hands frequently, wear surgical gloves to take specimens |
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Definition
| How can those who care for patients avoid spreading microbes among them? |
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Term
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Definition
| Why should empty vessels be laid on their sides when autoclaving? |
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Term
| 15 psi (pounds per square inch) for 15 mins. at 121 C (boiling temp) |
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Definition
| What temperature, pressure and time is usually used to autoclave? |
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Term
| Bacillus stearothermophilus |
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Definition
| Name the organisms used in ampules or paper test strips used in quality control of autoclaved materials |
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Term
| 1) They produce the most heat resistant spores; and 2) The cells are also more resistant to moist heat than other organisms |
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Definition
| Give two reasons why Bacillus stearothermophilus is particularly suitable to be used in QC testing: |
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Term
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Definition
| If a load of wrapped operating room equipment is being autoclaved, where should you place the QC strip? |
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Term
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Definition
| Method used to sterilize soiled dressings from a surgical wound: |
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Term
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Definition
| Method to be used to sterilize stainless steel surgical instruments: |
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Term
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Definition
| Method used to sterilize plastic syringes made by industry to be sold to hospitals: |
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Term
| dry oven (no condensation) |
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Definition
| Method used to sterilize lab glassware: |
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Term
| 1) To culture all organisms present (enrichment). 2) To differentiate species by biochemical characteristics. 3) Select certain species. |
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Definition
| Describe primary media (battery): |
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Term
| Selects for Gram - cells (species) and differentiates for lactose fermentation |
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Definition
| Why is EMB agar selective as well as differential? |
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Term
| Yes. Pathogens grow well in blood because it contains hemoglobin and other blood products. |
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Definition
| Is blood agar an enrichment media? Why? |
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Term
| pathogens grow well in blood (mimics human environment) |
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Definition
| Why is blood agar useful as a primary isolation medium for clinical specimens? |
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Term
| Black/purple colony with green metallic sheen |
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Definition
| Describe the appearance of E. coli on EMB: |
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Term
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows pink colonies, meaning it is a non-lactose fermenter) |
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Definition
| How does E. coli differ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on EMB? |
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Term
| MSA (Mannitol Salt Agar); Only Staphylococcus species tolerate high salt concentrations & it also differentates for S. aureus by yellow coloration (because it ferments mannitol) |
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Definition
| What type of media would you use to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from a clinical specimen to get fast results? Why? |
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Term
| beta hemolytic, cream colored |
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology for E. coli on Blood agar: |
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Term
| purple with a green metallic sheen (LF) |
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology for E. coli on EMB: |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphologyfor E. coli on Mannitol MSA |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology of E. coli on TSA: |
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Term
| tiny white colonies, no hemolysis |
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology of Staphylococcus epidermidis on blood agar: |
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Term
| small white colonies, medium stays pink |
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology of Staphylococcus epidermidis on MSA: |
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Term
| blue/green soluble pigment; grape like smell |
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on TSA: |
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Term
| beta hemolytic colonies, bluish-green |
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Blood agar: |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe the colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on EMB: |
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Term
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Definition
| prefers no air but can grow with oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| grows best at low oxygen concentration |
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Term
| complete lysis of blood cells, clear halo around colony |
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Definition
| Define and describe beta hemolysis: |
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Term
| partial blood breakdown, greening around colonies |
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Definition
| Define/describe alpha hemolysis |
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Term
| no hemolysis, just growth |
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Definition
| define/describe gamma (nonhemolytic) hemolysis: |
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Term
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Definition
| The A disc contains what antibiotic? |
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Term
| Streptococcus Group A from Streptococcus Group B |
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Definition
| What organism is the A disc used to differentiate? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of hemolysis is produced by S. pneumoniae? |
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Term
| it is a facultative anaerobe |
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Definition
| Why is a candle jar used to grow Streptococcus pyogenes? |
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Term
| See drawing pg 12 of study guide. |
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Definition
| Draw the flow diagrams given in lab to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus and to speciate Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes), Group B(Streptococcus agalactiae), and Group D (Enterococcus fecaelis). |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of hemolysis is displayed by Streptococci that are most pathogenic for humans? |
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Term
| Yes. Normal flora compete w/pathogens for nutrients. |
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Definition
| Is normal flora of the throat beneficial to the host? Why? |
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Term
| (see page 13 of study guide) |
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Definition
| Describe the CAMP test, include a diagram. |
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Term
| Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) |
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Definition
| If an organism forms an arrow, but is bacitracin negative, what can you presume it to be? |
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Term
| Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) |
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Definition
| If an organism is CAMP negative but bacitracin positive, what can you presume the organism to be? |
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Term
| see pg. 13 of study guide |
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Definition
| Expain how latex agglutination reaction works. Include a diagram. |
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Term
| Add hydrogen peroxide to a portion of a colony on a glass slide. Bubbles present = catalase + ; No bubbles = catalase - |
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Definition
| Describe how to do a catalase test: |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalase test results for Staphylococcus epidermidis? |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalase test results for Streptococcus agalactiae? |
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Term
| Innoculate organism into rabbit plasma. Incubate 35 C for 3 hrs- 48 hrs. Clot = positive; still liquid = negative |
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Definition
| Describe how to do a coagulase test |
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Term
See study guide, p. 14 for answer
Streptococcus: Gram - cocci in chains; catalase -
Staphylococcus: gram + cocci in cluster catalase +
Staph. aureus: coagulase +; mannitol + (turns yellow) Staph. epidermidis: coagulase -; mannitol - (stays pink) S. saprophyticus: resistant to low levels of novobiocin |
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Definition
| Draw a flow diagram (from supplies sheet) describing how to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus and how to speciate Staphylococcus aureus from Staph. epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. |
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Term
| white colonies, medium goes yellow due to mannitol fermentation (mannitol +) |
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Definition
| Describe the appearance of Staphylococcus aureus on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA): |
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Term
| pink or colorless, no yellow coloration (mannitol -) |
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Definition
| Describe the appearance of Staphylococcus epidermidis on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA): |
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Term
1) Hemolysins (destroy red blood cells)
2) Leukocidin (destroys leukocytes)
3)Coagulase (clots blood plasma)
4) Staphylokinase (dissolves fibrin clots
5) Enterotoxin (causes gastroenteritis)
6) Hyaluronidase (breaks down connective tissue, producing cellulitis - 'spreading factor')
7) TSST-1 = toxic shock syndrome |
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Definition
| Name and briefly describe 7 types of toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus: |
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Term
Staph. aureus: coagulase +, MSA+
S. epidermidis: coagulase - , MSA - (sensitive to novobiacin)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: coagulase -, MSA -, Novobiocin resistant |
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Definition
| How are Staph. aureus and S. epidermidis differentiated from Staphylococcus saprophyticus? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is Staphylococcus aureus normal flora for some individuals? |
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Term
| Some hospital workers may be carriers. They are therefore a potential health risk to patients. |
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Definition
| Of what significance is S. aureus being normal flora for some individuals to hospital staff & their patients? |
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Term
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Definition
| Enriched - 1% hemoglobin and supplements. Isolates most fastidious pathogens such as Neisseria and Haemophilus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enriched and differential - 5% sheep blood; Isolates almost all bacteria; differential for hemolytic organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective and differential - 7.5% NaCl and mannitol for isolation & identification of most S. aureus strains. Isolates Staphylococci and micrococci. |
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Term
| Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) |
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Definition
| Selective and differential - lactose, eosin Y, and methylene blue. Isolates enteric gram-negative bacilli. |
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Term
| Modified Thayer-Martin agar (MTM) |
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Definition
| Selective - Hemoglobin, growth factors, and antimicrobial agents. Isolates pathogenic Neisseria species. |
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