Term
| adaptive immunity or antigen specific immunity |
|
Definition
| the acquired ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products and relies on previews exposure to the pathogen or its products. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a soluble protein produced by B cells that interacts with antigen; also called immunoglobulin |
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|
Term
| antibody mediated immunity (humoral immunity) |
|
Definition
| immunity resluting from dierect interaction with antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| a molecule capable of interacting with specific components of the immune system |
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|
Term
| antigenic determinant (epitope) |
|
Definition
| that portion of an antigen that is reactive with a specific antibody or t cell receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| a macrophage, dendritic cell or B cell that presents antigens to t cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| an antibody that reacts to self antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
| a lymphocyte that has immunoglobulin surface receptors, produces immunoglobulin and may present antigens to T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| immunity resulting from direct interaction with antigen specific T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| antigen-presenting molecule found on all nucleated vertebrate cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| antigen presenting molecule found on all nucleated vertebrate cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a series of proteins that react in a sequential manner with antibody-antigen complexes to amplify or potentiate antibody activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| a soluble immune response modulator produced by leukocyte |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of leukocyte having phagocytic and antigen presenting poroperties, found in lymph nodes and spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a region of protein having a defined structure and function |
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Term
|
Definition
| a low molecular weight molecule that combines with specific antibodies but that is incapable of eliciting an immune resposne by itese.f |
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Term
|
Definition
| an immune response leading to damage to host tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability of an organism to resist infection |
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Term
| immunization (vaccination) |
|
Definition
| inoculation of a host with inactive or weakened pathogens or pathogen products to stimulate protective immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| a molecule capable of eliciting an immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
| a soluble protein produced by B cells and plasma cells that interacts with antigens; also called antibody |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli such as toxins and pathogens characterized by redness, swelling, pan and heat, usually localized at site of infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nonspecific immunity is the noninducible ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products and does not rely on previous exposure to a pathogen or its products. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a soluble cytokine or chemokine secreted by lekocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fluid similar to blood which lacks red blood cells and travels through a separate circulatory system containing lymph nodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a subset of nucleated cells found in the blood that are involved in the immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of large leukocyte found in tissues that has phagocytic and antigen presenting capabilities |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of large leukocyte found in tissues that has phagocytic and antigen presneting capabilities |
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Term
| major histocompatability complex MHC |
|
Definition
| a genetic complex responsible for encoding several cell surface proteins important in antigen presentation |
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Term
| memory (immunologic memory) |
|
Definition
| ability to rapidly produce large quantities or specific immune cells ore antibodies after subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| long-lived cells responsive to an individual antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a specialized lymphocyte that recognizes and destroys foreign cells or infected host cells in a non-specific manner |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of leukocyte exhibiting phagocytic properties, a granular cytoplasm and mutilobed nucleus |
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|
Term
| pathogen associated molecular pattern |
|
Definition
| unique structural components of a microbe or virus recognized by a pattern recognition molecule |
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|
Term
| pattern recognition molecule |
|
Definition
| a membrane bound protein that recognizes a pathogen associated molecular pattern such as a unique component of a microbial cell surface structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of a group of cells that recognizes ingests and degrades pathogens and pathogen products |
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Term
|
Definition
| the liquid portion of hte blood with cells removed and clotting proteins deactivated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| differentiated B cell that produces large amounts of antibodies |
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Term
| primary antibody response |
|
Definition
| antibodies made on first exposure to antigen mostly of the IgM class |
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|
Term
| secondary antibody response |
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Definition
| antibody made on subsequent exposure to antigen, mostly of the IgG class |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro |
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Term
|
Definition
| the liquid portion of the blood with clotting proteins and cells removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability of the immune response to interact with individual antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cell that can develop into a number of final cell types |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pathogen product capable of eliciting an inappropriately strong immune response by stimulating greater than normal numbers of T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a lymphocyte responsible for antigen specific cellular interaction |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Th helper T cells. Th cells are further subdivided into Th1 inflammatory cells and Th2 helper cells which aid B cells in antibody formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| antigen specific receptor protein on the surface of T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to produce an immune response to specific antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of a family of pattern recognition molecules found on phagocytes that recognize a pathogen associated molecular patter |
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Term
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Definition
| an attenuated form of a toxin that retains immunogenicity while losing toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| an inactivate or weakened pathogen or innocuous pathogen product used to stimulate protective immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| the portion of a processed antigen that is recognized by MHC protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to produce an immune response to specific antigens due to neutralization of effector cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a small soluble protein produced by a variety of cells that modulates inflammatory reactions and immunity in target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| for t-cell selection in the thymus the killing of useless or self reactive clones |
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Term
|
Definition
| each B or T cell produces copeies of itself when stimulated iwht antigen |
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Term
| complementarity determinin region |
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Definition
| a variation in amino acid sequence within the variable domains of immunoglobulins or TCRs providing most of the molecular contacts with antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a small soluble protein produced by a leukocyte taht modulates inflammatory reactions and immunity in target cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the portion of an antigen that is recognized by an immunoglobulin or a T cell receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| human leukocyte antigen, the MHC of humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| variation in amino acid sequence within the variable domains of immunoglobulins or TCRs providing most of the molecular contacts with antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a conserved amino acid sequence found in all peptide antigens that bind to a given MHC protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| in T cell selection, T cells that interact with self antigens in the thymus are deleted. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the occurrence of multiple alleles at a locus in frequencies that cannot be explained by the occurrence of recent random mutations |
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Term
|
Definition
| in T-cell selection, T cells that interact with self MHC protein in the thymus are stimulated to grow and develop |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mutation of immunoglobulin genes at rates higher than these observed in other genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| antigen specific receptor protein on the surface of T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to produce an immune response to a specific antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pattern recognition molecule found on phagocytes, structurally and functionally related to toll receptors in drosophila |
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Term
|
Definition
| reaction between antibody and particle bound antigen, resulting in visible clumping of the particles |
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Term
|
Definition
| a report indicating the sensitivity of clinically isolated microorganisms to the antibiotics in current use |
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Term
|
Definition
| the presence of bacteria in the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth media that allows identification of microorganisms based on phenotypic properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme linked immunosorbent assay |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of selected culture media and incubation conditions to isolate microorganism from natural samples |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of selected culture media and incubation conditions to isolate microorganisms from natural samples |
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Term
|
Definition
| covalent modification of an antibody molecule with a fluoresent dye; the dye makes the antibody visible under fluorescent |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth media that support the growth of most aerobic and facultatively anaerobic organisms |
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Term
| immunoblot (western blot) |
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Definition
| electrophoresis of proteins followed by transfer to a membrane and detection by addition of specific antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibody made by a single B cell clone |
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Term
|
Definition
| interaction of antibody with antigen that reduces or blocks biological activity of the antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| an oligonucleotide of unique sequence used as a hybridization probe for identifying specific genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibodies made by many different B cell clones |
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Term
|
Definition
| reaction between antibody and a soluble antigen resulting in a visible insoluble complex |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| media that enhance the growth of certain organisms while retarding the growth of others due to an added media component |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest amount of antigen that can be detected |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of an antibody to recognize a single antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| in an immunological context, the quantity of antibody present in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| short term infection usually characterized by dramatic onset |
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Term
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Definition
| subclinically infected individual who may spread a disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic resulting from infection of a large number of people from a single contaminated source |
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Term
|
Definition
| infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease constantly presnt usually in low numbers |
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Term
|
Definition
| the occurrence of a disease in unusually high numbers in a localized population |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the occurrence distribution and control of diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate object that when contaminated with a viable pathogen can transfer the pathogen to a host |
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Term
|
Definition
| resistance of a population to a pathogen as a result of the immunity of a large portion of the popoulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic resulting from person to person contact characterized by a gradual rise and fall in number of cases |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of cases of disease in a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| incidence of illness in a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| incidence of death in a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| hospital acquired infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| the occurrence of a large number of cases of a disease in a short period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the proportion or percentage of individuals in the population having a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of restricting the movement of individuals with highly contagious serious infections to prevent spread of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious disease thought to be under control that produces a new epidemic |
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Term
|
Definition
| site in which viable infectious agents remain and form which infection of individuals may occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| observation recognition and reporting of diseases as tey occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a living agent that transfers a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| nonliving source of pathogens that infect large numbers of individuals; common vehicles are food and water |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disease that occurs primarily in animals but can be transmitted to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| minor changes in antigens due to gene mutation in influenza virus |
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Term
|
Definition
| major changes in antigens due to gene reassortment in influenza virus |
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Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of the normal liver architecture resulting in fibrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| syphilis contracted by an infant from its mother during birth |
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Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic polypeptide that binds to viral glycoproteins, inhibiting fustion of viral and host cell membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a liver inflammation commonly caused by an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| production and release of excess bilirubin in the liver due to destruction of liver cells resulting in yellowing of hte skin and whites of the eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the meninges sometimes caused by neisseria meningitidis and characterized by sudden onset of headache, vomitting and stiff neck often prgressing to coma within hourse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| fulminant disease caused by n. meningitidis and characterized by septicemia, intravascular coagulation and shock |
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Term
| non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
|
Definition
| a non-nucleoside compound that inhibits the actoin of viral reverse transcriptase by binding directly to the catalytic site |
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|
Term
| nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
|
Definition
| a nucleoside analog compound that inhibits the action of viral reverse transcriptase by competing with nucleosides |
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Term
|
Definition
| an infection usually observed only in an individual with a dysfunctional immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
| a compound that inhibits the action of viral protease by binding directly to the catalytic site preventing viral protein processing |
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Term
|
Definition
| an inflammatory autoimmune disease triggered by an immune response to infection by streptococcus pyogenes |
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Term
|
Definition
| characteristic reddish rash resulting from an exotoxin produced by streptococcus pyogenes |
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Term
| sexually transmitted infection |
|
Definition
| an infection that is usually transmitted by sexual contact |
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Term
|
Definition
| acute systemic shock resulting from a host response to an exotoxin produced by by staph aureus |
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Term
|
Definition
| a skin test for previous infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| a quantitative assessment of the amount of virus in a host organism, usually in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a group of emerging tick-transmitted diseases caused by rickettsias of the ehlrichia genus |
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Term
| hanta virus pulmonary syndrome |
|
Definition
| an emerging acute viral disease characterized by respiratory pneumonia obtained by transmission of hantavirus from rodents |
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Term
|
Definition
| an emerging tick-transmitted disease caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi |
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Term
|
Definition
| insect transmitted disease characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and anemia caused by the protozoan plasmodium spp., usually transmitted between mammals through the bite of the anopheles mosquito |
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Term
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Definition
| infection caused by a fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| an endemic disease in rodents caused by yersinia pestis that is occaisionally transferred to humans through the bite of a flea |
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Term
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Definition
| a usually fatal neurological disease caused by the rabies virus that is usually transmitted by the bite or saliva of an infected animal |
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Term
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Definition
| obligate intracellular parasite genus responsible for diseases including typhus rocky mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis. |
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Term
| rocky mountain spotted fever |
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Definition
| a tick transmitted disease caused by rickettsia rickettsii causing fever, headache, rash, and gastrointestinal symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria but causes a reduction in the efficiency of red blood cells by reducing oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria but causes a reduction in the efficiency of red blood cells by altering a red blood cell enzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disease involving rigid paralysis of the voluntary muscles caused by an exotoxin produced by clostridium tetani |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurological disease caused by west nile virus and transmitted by mosquito from birds to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| a louse-transmitted disease caused by rickettsia prowazekii causing fever, headache, weakness rash and damage to the central nercous system and internal organs |
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Term
| aerobic secondary wastewater treatment |
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Definition
| digestive reactions carried out by microorganisms under aerobic conditions to treat wastewater containing low levels of organic materials |
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Term
| anoxic secondary wastewater treatment |
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Definition
| digestive and fermentative reactions carried out by microorganisms under anoxic conditions to treat wastewater containing high levels of insoluble organic materials |
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Term
| biochemical oxygen demand |
|
Definition
| the relative amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms for complete oxidation of organic and inorganic material in a water sample |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical manufactured on site by combining chlorine and ammonia at precise ratios |
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Term
|
Definition
| reservoir in which the suspended solids of raw water are coagulated and removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| the formation of large insoluble particles from much smaller colloidal particles by the addition of aluminum sulfate and anionic polymers |
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Term
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Definition
| facultatively aerobic, gram-negative nonspore forming lactose-fermenting bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| an infectious form of a protozoan parasite that is encased in a thick-walled chemically and physically resistant coating |
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Term
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Definition
| water pipes storage reservoirs tanks and other means used to deliver drinking water to consumers or store it before delivery |
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Term
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Definition
| treated wastewater discharged from a wastewater treatment facility |
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Term
|
Definition
| the removal of suspended particles from water by passing it through one or more permeable membranes or media |
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Term
|
Definition
| water delivered to the distribution system after treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| the water-treatment process after coagulation that uses gentle stirring to cause suspended particles to form larger aggregated masses |
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Term
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Definition
| invasion inflammation and destruction of brain tissue by the amoeba naegleria fowleri or a variety of other pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| in water purification a chemical in liquid form used as a coagulant in the clarification process to produce flocculation |
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Term
|
Definition
| drinkable safe for human consumption |
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Term
| primary wastewater treatment |
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Definition
| physical separation of wastewater contaminants usually by separation and setting |
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Term
| primary wastewater treatment |
|
Definition
| physical separation of wastewater contaminants usually by separation and setting |
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Term
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Definition
| surface water or groundwater that has not been treated in any way |
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Term
|
Definition
| soil sand minerals and other large particles found in raw water |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid effluents contaminated with human or animal fecal material |
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Term
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Definition
| small particle of solid pollutant that resists separation by ordinary physical means |
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Term
| tertiary wastewater treatment |
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Definition
| physico-chemical processing of wastewater to reduce levels of inorganic nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measurement of suspended solids in water |
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Term
|
Definition
| liquid derived from domestic sewage or industrial sources which can not be discarded in untreated form into lakes or streams |
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Term
|
Definition
| food poisoning due to ingestion of food containing botulinum toxin produced by clostridium botulinum |
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Term
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Definition
| the anaerobic catabolism of organic compounds generally carbohydrates in the absence of an external electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| disease caused by active infection resulting from ingestion of pathogen contaminated food |
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Term
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Definition
| disease caused by the ingestion of food that contains preformed microbial toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in teh apperance smell or taste of a food that makes it unacceptable to the consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| the exposure of food to ionizing radiation for the purpose of inhibiting growth of microorganisms and insect pests or to retard ripening |
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Term
|
Definition
| gastrointestinal food infection caused by listeria monocytogenes that may lead to bacteremia and meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of removing all water from frozen food under vacuum |
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Term
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Definition
| food of low water activity that has an extended shelf life an is resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| fresh food generally of high water activity that has a very short shelf life due to potential for spoilage by growth of microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of acidifying food to prevent microbial growth and spoilage |
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Term
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Definition
| enterocolitis caused by any of over 2000 variants of salmonella spp. |
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Term
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Definition
| food of intermediate water activity that has a limited shelf life due to potential for spoilage by growth of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the availability o water for use in metabolic processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-nutritive sweetener composed of te amino acids aspartate and phenylalanine that latter as a a methyl ester. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a member of a group of antibiotics including penicillin containing the four membered hetercyclic beta lactam ring |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of microorganisms to carry out a specific chemical synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| production of a particular form of penicillin by suppling the organism with specific side chain precursors |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of microorganisms to carry out a chemical reaction that is more costly or not feasible non-biologically |
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Term
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Definition
| the manufacture of alcoholic beverages such as beer from the fermentation of malted grains |
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Term
| broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Definition
| an antimicrobial drug useful in treating a wide variety of bacterial diseases |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical such as ethanol that has low monetary value and is thus sold primarily in bulk |
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Term
|
Definition
| a beverage containing alcohol concentrated by distillation |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme produced by a microorganism and then excreted into the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme able to function in the presence of one or more chemical or physical extremes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tank in which an industrial fermentation is carried out |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme attached to a solid support over which substrate is passed and converted to product |
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Term
|
Definition
| the large-scale use of microorganisms to produce products of commercial value |
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Term
|
Definition
| the parent penicillin structure produced by cultures of penicillium not supplemented with side chain precursors |
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Term
|
Definition
| a metabolite excreted during the growth phase |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that can degrade proteins by hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of an industrial process from a small laboratory set-up to a large commercial fermentation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a metabolite excreted at the end of hte primary growht phase and into the stationary phase |
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Term
|
Definition
| a penicillin produced using components derived from from both microbial fermentation and chemical syntheses |
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Term
|
Definition
| a member of a class of antibiotics containing the four membered naphthacene ring |
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Term
|
Definition
| use of genetically engineered organisms to carry out defined chemical processes for industrial application |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic element typically a plasmid or a bacteriophage into which genes can be recombined and erplicated |
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Term
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Definition
| use of the techniques of genetic engineering to determine the origin of dna in a sample of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a cloning that contains the necessary regulatory sequences to allow transcription and translation of cloned genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| treatment of a disease caused bye a dysfunctional gene by introduction of a normally functioning copy of the gene |
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Term
| genetically modified organism |
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Definition
| an organism whose genome has been altered using genetic engineering |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cloning vector that becomes integrated into a host chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| isolation and incorporation of of a fragment of dna into a vector where it can be replicated |
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Term
|
Definition
| a strand of nucleic acid that can be labeled and used to hybridize to a complementary molecule from a mixture of other nucleic acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene incorporated into a vector because the product it encodes is easy to detect |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mental process of using a codon table an the amino acid sequence of a protein to obtain a possible sequence of the mrna or the gene that encoded the protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cloning vector that can replicate in two or more dissimilar hosts |
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Term
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Definition
| the segment of the agrobacterium Ti plasmid that is transferreed to plant cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a plasmid in agrobacterium species capable of transferring genes from bacteria to plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| a plant or animal that stably asses on cloned DNA that has been inserted into it. |
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