Term
|
Definition
| The study of life too small to be seen. |
|
|
Term
| What six organisms are included in the study of microbiology? |
|
Definition
1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Algae
4. Viruses
5. Protozoa
6. Parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of fungi (yeasts and molds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 characteristics of life |
|
Definition
1. all living things consist of cells
2. all living things grow and maintain their structures by taking up chemicals and energy from the environment
3. all living things respond to an enviromental stimuli
4. all living things reproduce and pass on their genes to their offspring
5. all living things evolve and adapt to their environment |
|
|
Term
| describe the significance of evolution refering to a "species" |
|
Definition
| not all living things will evolve, however a "species" will evolve |
|
|
Term
| Name the three domains of which all species can be classified and who classified them |
|
Definition
1. Eukarya
2. Bacteria
3. Archaea
classified by Carl Woese (1971) |
|
|
Term
| name the seven taxonomically recognized kingdoms of the domain Eukarya |
|
Definition
| Animilia, Plantae, Fungi, Amoebozoa, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, and Excavata |
|
|
Term
| name the 5 kingdoms of Archaea |
|
Definition
1. Crenarcheota
2. Euryarcheota
3. Korarcheota
4. Traumarcheota
5. Nanoarcheota |
|
|
Term
| describe the reason why bacteria is classified as only one kingdom |
|
Definition
| because of the lack of consensus among scientist at this point |
|
|
Term
| describe the Binomial system of taxonomic classification |
|
Definition
| proposed by Carl Linne, it uses only the genus and species name. these names are always either italicized or underlined and the Genus is always capitalized while the species is not. |
|
|
Term
| Name, in order, the 8 parts of the taxonomic classification of life |
|
Definition
1. domain
2. kingdom
3. phylum
4. class
5. order
6. family
7. genus
8. species |
|
|
Term
| give the statistics which surprise many when they think of bacteria |
|
Definition
| even though there are over ten thousand species of bacteria, only 1% cause disease in humans and another 4% cause disease in plants while an amazing 95% of known bacteria are not pathogenic to humans |
|
|
Term
| give several reasons why microbes are benifitial to humans |
|
Definition
1. bacteria are primary decomposers which recycle nutrients back into the environment
2. microbes produce various food products
3. used to produce antibiotics
4. bacteria sunthesize chemicals that we need but are unable to make ourselves
5.biochemistry and metabolism research
6. microbial antagonism
7. insect and pest control |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the food products that microbes produce? |
|
Definition
| yogurt, cheese, soy sauce, vinegar, bread, and wine |
|
|
Term
| why do microbes make good research material? |
|
Definition
because of their simple structure, rapid reproduction rate, and provide instant feedback |
|
|
Term
| explain microbial antagonism |
|
Definition
| our normal microbial flora prevents pathogens from gaining access to our bodies. they are located on the skin and in the mucus membranes and are determined to defend their home. |
|
|
Term
| why are microbes benificial to humans? |
|
Definition
Bioremediation- using bacteria to clean up toxic waste spills.
recombinant DNA technology- gene therapy and genetic engineering.
Marine and fresh water microbes form the basis of the food chain |
|
|
Term
describe the aspects of recombinant DNA technology |
|
Definition
gene therapy- treating genetic illnesses
genetic engineering-bacteria can be engineered to make various enzymes and proteins like insulin , GH, and interferons |
|
|
Term
| name some of the diseases which are caused by microbes |
|
Definition
| pneumonia, AIDS, scarlet fever, gonorrhea, lyme disease, gangrene, tetanus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed the cell theory in 1665 when he constucted a microscope and observed plants, animals and fungi. He saw everything was made of boxes which he identified as cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1674-constructed the first microscope powerful enough to observe microbes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimented to disprove spontaneous generation theory with the jars which he proved that it was not possible for animolicules to derive from non living things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proved the spontaneous generaion theory wrong with the swan necked flasks and beef broth which are still displayed in a museum today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established the microbial etiology of infectious disease in 1876 |
|
|
Term
| explain the etiology of infectious disease |
|
Definition
1. same organism must be found in all cases of given disease.
2. the organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. isolated organism must produce the same disease when inoculated into a healthy animal.
4. the same organism must be again isolated from the experimentally infected animal. |
|
|
Term
| what are the exceptions to koch's postulates? |
|
Definition
1. some organisms have never been grown in pure culture on artificial media.
- treponema pallidum, an agent of syphilis
- mycobacterium leprae, an agent of leprosy
2. in exclusively human diseases, it is not morally acceptable to inoculate deadly pathogen into a human guinea pig
- HIV, smallpox, etc... |
|
|
Term
| name the three diseases that koch established microbial etiology for... |
|
Definition
1. Cholera, a fecal-oral disease, caused by Vibrio choleraem, a comma shaped bacterium
2. Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberclosis
3. Anthrax, common in sheep and cattle, caused by bacillus anthracis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of agar |
|
Definition
| bacteria were originally grown on boilled potatoes to produce a pure culture, however this was messy since bacteria are masters at breaking down things. After potato, gelatin was used as a solidifying agent, however most bacteria produce gelatinase, an enzyme that liquifies gelatin. Finally, walther Hesse and his wife started using agar which comes from seaweed and is not broken down by any known bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first anticeptic, phenol to treat surgical wounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Koch's postulates which helped prove that germs are caused by something other than curses and bad spirits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first synthetic drug called Salcarsan, for syphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three bacterial morphologies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arranged in grape-like clusters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arranged in cube-like packet of eight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grape-like clusters round and golden |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grape like clusters round skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comma shaped, causes cholera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rod shaped, causes anthrax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| honor of Dr Esherich, lives in colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dr Salmon-inflamation of intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain, round, puss generating (strep throat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| round shaped in intestines, fecal matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside intestines, gas producing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thiomargarita namibiensis |
|
Definition
| pearl of the coast of namibia |
|
|
