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| The study of living organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. |
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| Organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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| Term Cell (Cork Slice) denotes basic unit of life. |
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| 1st real description of microorganism "animacules" |
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| Founder of Microbiology : Pasterization, vaccines ( rabies\anthrax) |
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| Founder of Microbiology: Koch Postulates (organism connected to diseases) Agar Petri plates |
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| Discovers antibiotics, penicillin |
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| Inanimate\dead things can come alive |
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| 1st controlled experiment 8 flask (4 contolled 4 experimental) open flask with meat |
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| Pasteur (similar to Redi) |
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| 4 flask open top, 4 flask swan neck |
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Definition
| 1.Control\experimental, 2.Replicates catch mistakes, 3.Repeatable catch mistakes |
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| Causes of diease channel treatment. Wrong cause, wrong treatment |
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| Antiseptic surgeries patient survies operation 3 days later dead. Heat sterilized instruments. Survival rates increased significantly |
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| Lister antiseptic surgeries |
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| Patient survies operation, Three days later patient dead. Heat sterilized instruments(phenol) survival rates increase. |
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| Koch 1876 & 1884 publish Koch Postulates |
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Definition
| Connecting Organism to disease. 1. Assocation 2.Isolation 3. Causation 4.Re-Isolation |
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| Test idea of body. Trick body into protecting itself. Called Vaccination |
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Definition
| Using chemicals used to treat disease. Kills\inhibits microorganisms. Selective toxicity |
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Definition
| Sulfa drugs (1st serious drug) of general use . Cheap byproduct of dye Manufacture. Quinine -Malaria , Salvarsan-Syphylis , materials made by microorganism . |
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| Fleming- discovers antibiotics (Penicillin) only few |
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Definition
| Sulfa drugs (1st serious drug) of general use . Cheap byproduct of dye Manufacture. Quinine -Malaria , Salvarsan-Syphylis , materials made by microorganism . |
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| Fleming- discovers antibiotics (Penicillin) |
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Definition
| bacteria and fungus produce antibiotics. Not found in nature in concentrations high enough to kill. May act as messenger molecules . |
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| Drug Resistance Major Problem |
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Definition
MRSA- methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
VRSA- vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
VRE- Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus |
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Definition
| developmental biologist Starfish Larva (Defensive Cells) |
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| Two Main Defenses of the body |
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Definition
| Cell Mediated Immunity- cells protecting against infection. Antibody Mediated Immunity- targeted proteins protecting against infection. |
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| sets up basic format, Latinized words Naming done by discoverer. Needs to publish name and evidence in certain Journal |
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| Developed by Linnaeus modernized by Whitaker in 1969. |
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Definition
defined by a set of characteristics: Does it have a nucleus
can it use light as energy source
how many tissue layers |
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Definition
Monera: all prokaryotes here(No nucleus)
Protista: single cell/ simple cell aquatic(water)
Fungi
Plants: use lights
Animals |
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Definition
not in kingdom system
own system |
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Definition
| idea compare DNA sequences more objective decided to do it a different way |
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Definition
| Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria |
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Definition
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| "funny" bacteria cell wall no peptidoglycan. Live in extreme environments |
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| anything that takes up space and has mass . States solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
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| called the periodic table |
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Definition
| arranged by atomic number (number of protons) Properties of the elements repeat periodically. |
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| Called periods each row represents an energy level |
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| Called families or groups each Colums of chemicals share similar chemical characteristic . |
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| Periodic Table (left side) |
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Definition
| Metals : Shiny conductive bendy |
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| Periodic Table (Right Side) |
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Definition
| NonMetals: dull no conductive brittle |
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| Periodic Table (in middle) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Ability to grab electrons. Reactivity L>R increases, T>B decreases Florine most electronegative . |
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Definition
| Outermost electrons , those numbers represent the valence electrons for the element in that column. |
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| Most common Element (Earths Crust) |
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Definition
| Oxygen,Silicon, Aluminum, Iron |
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| Most Common Elements ( Living Organism) |
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Definition
| Hydrogen , Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen |
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Definition
| The smallest particle of an element that can be identified as that element. |
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Definition
| # of protons + # of neutrons |
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Definition
| Number of protons = determines the physical / chemical properties of the element |
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Definition
| Neutrons contributes to "flavor" different numbers give different variations to element. |
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| Often unstable, radioactive. Useful act normally can track |
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| When atom collide electrons are on the outside . Orbitals, shells,volumes. Very organized, energy determines which orbital. Further away the more energy. |
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| Level 1 (2) . Level 2 (6) . Level 3 (8) |
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| Outer most electrons ... Involved in reactions ... Most elements want 8 |
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Definition
| Often react to get 8 valence electrons . Give, take, share. |
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| Charge imbalance Gain/lose electrons. Opposite charges attract. Vary in strength depending on the environment. Very strong in Air, Breaks apart in water. |
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Definition
Sharing of electrons . Very strong , hard to make hard to break. Equal: Non-polar covalent bonds
Unequal: polar covalent bonds |
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Definition
| Not hang onto its elements Very weak bond 20* weaker than covalent bond. Allows transient bonding: come together/react/fall apart without lot of time, energy expended. Stronger in numbers +++++++++++++++++++ |
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Term
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Definition
1. Shape of the protein
2. DNA/ RNA Structure/ Functio
3. Structure/ properties of water. |
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| General Chemical Reaction |
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Definition
Atoms/ molecules :
Hit one another, Right place, Right Energy, Right Angle |
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Definition
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Definition
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| 70-90% of the cell universal solvent . Helpful in reactions allows molecules to hit one another. Helps maintain constant body temperature . High heat of vaporization |
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| Temperature changes slowly |
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Definition
1 cal to change 1 gram water 1c
0.1 cal to change 1 gram iron 1c
Ex. pot water to boil.
Water hot, pot burns
help maintain constant body temperature |
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Term
| High heat of vaporization |
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Definition
Liquid > gas
requires lot of energy
H bond-stickiness
temperature regulation
sweat |
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Term
| Plays direct role in reactions. |
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Definition
reactant: A+B+ H2O > AB
product: AB > A + B + H2O
Provides H+, OH- |
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Definition
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Definition
| give off OH- and a cation |
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Definition
Maintain particular H+ concentration
give or take H+ |
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Term
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Definition
7 is neutral H+ = OH-
> 7 is basic/alkaline
H+
< 7 is acidic
H+ > OH-
Remember:
log scale,
each change is decimal point change
10x |
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Term
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Definition
Organic carbon containing.
Living organisms carbon based.
Carbon can connect to 4 things
Allows lots of combinations
One set of parts arranged into many things.
Efficient |
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Term
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Definition
4 types molecules, carbohydrates,lipids,proteins
nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
include starch and sugars
formula CHO in 1:2:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
Simplest 3-7 carbons
examples:
5 carbons-pentose
ex. ribose/deoxyribose-
part of DNA, RNA
6 carbon- hexose
ex. glucose, fructose
food molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Two monosaccharides linked
Important in nutrition
ex. sucrose: glucose-fructose
11 different ways to connect monosaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
String of many monosaccharides
energy storage
glycogen-string of glucose
starch- string of glucose
structure
cellulose - string of glucose
chitin- string of glucose-"like" |
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Term
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Definition
Chemically diverse
Insoluble in water
3 groups:
fats/oils,
phospholipids,
steroids |
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Term
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Definition
Fats,
solid at room temp
oils,
liquid at room temperature.
Up to 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol
mono/di/tri -glyceride |
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Term
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Definition
all H are present
all single covalent bonds.
line up nicely
Form a solid. |
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Term
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Definition
loss of the H proton
leaves electrons behind
form a double bond. |
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Term
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Definition
Remove a fatty acid
replace with a phophate group.
Introduces neg charge
Charged end
hydrophilic
Uncharged end
hydrophobic
Will rearrange
charged part
outside
uncharged parts
inside
get shunted together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complicated ring structures |
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Term
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Definition
Animal membranes.
Changes characteristic of membrane.
Not in plants and bacteria.
Except Mycoplasma. |
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Term
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Definition
fungal membranes
Target of many antifungal drugs
Selective toxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
Make up > 50% dry weight of cell.
Involved in everything a cell does
String of amino acids.
Pool of 20 common aa |
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Term
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Definition
very important to functioning of a protein.
H bonds
play a major role forming
maintaining shape.
S-S covalent bonds also be used.
Several levels to shape |
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Term
| Protein shape(Primary structure) |
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Definition
Sequence of aa. Determines which protein. telephone cord
Pulled straight |
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| Protein shape(Secondary structure) |
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Definition
Regular internal folding.
Alpha helix,
Beta pleated sheets.(Relaxed into coil) |
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Term
| Protein shape(Tertiary structure) |
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Definition
| Folding of secondary. Fold cord into various shapes |
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| Protein shape(Quartenary structure) |
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Definition
| Two or more chains folded together.Two or more chords folded together |
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Term
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Definition
change in shape.
Often, protein no longer works.
Often, irreversible
especially large proteins |
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Term
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Definition
String of nucleotides
Pentose sugar:
ribose-RNA or deoxyribose-DNA
Phosphate,
up to three
Nitrogenous base:
purine or pyrimidine
Adenine,
Guanine,
Cytosine,
Thymine-DNA,
Uracil-RNA |
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Term
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Definition
carries information.
make RNA
make protein
A hydrogen bonds to T (U),
2 H bonds.
G hydrogen bonds to C,
3 H bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
carbons numbered.
Carbon 3 and Carbon 5
important attachment points.
Refer to 3' end and 5' end. |
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Term
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Definition
Information is stored in the sequence of the bases.
For all proteins made by cells of that organism.
To make RNA used in making protein.
Big.
Stable.
Double stranded. |
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Term
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Definition
Copy of a section of DNA
Messenger RNA.
Codes for sequence of a protein(s)
Ribosomal RNA
Along with proteins, to make ribosome.
Transfer RNA
Used in protein translation.
"Regulatory" RNA
Used to regulate protein production.
Small
Short lived (mainly)
Single stranded,
can fold on itself
DS
bind to other strands
DS |
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Term
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Definition
| No nucleus Mainly, 1 circular ds DNA naked" DNA Few, if any, compartments small" ribosomes |
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Definition
| nucleus Mainly, pairs of ds DNA Covered in protein (histones, non histones)Many membrane bound compartmentslarge" ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Passive transport
no additional energy is required.
Active transport:
requires energy |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
uses a helper-carrier protein.
Usually very specific
Involves conformational change |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
For a cell:
solvent = water,
selectively permeable membane= cell membrane
Move water
from high conc. of water to lower conc of water. |
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Term
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Definition
Requires energy
lo>hi, against the gradient
Requires carrier protein.
Special form: group translocation
Cells pumps in glucose.
As concentration gets higher
glucose diffuses out.
To stop the loss
as the cell brings in the glucose,
it attaches a big negative charge,
phosphate group.
This locks the glucose in the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| degradation reaction, relelases energy |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis reaction: uses energy |
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Term
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Definition
| parts and energy from one used in other. |
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Term
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Definition
make/ break bonds.
Require reactants
hit
hit at right spot,
hit at right angle,
hit with right energy. |
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Term
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Definition
provide different pathway
uses lower activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
H2O2 stable at room temp.
Add iodine to solution
H2O2> H2O + O2
Iodine was catalyst |
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Term
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Definition
carbon containing molecules.
Enzymes: made of proteins
common
Ribozymes: made of RNA
Rare |
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Term
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Definition
very specific
protein nature,
shapes are important.
lock/key,
induced fit |
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Term
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Definition
where activation energy lowered.
alternate pathway
uses less energy
puts bonds at the correct angle
puts strain on bonds
puts correct bonds near one another |
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Term
| Affect speed of an enzymatic reaction |
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Definition
Physical factors
Chemical factors |
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Term
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Definition
Competitive inhibitors
mimic substrate,
Compete with substrate
bind at active site
not produce product.
relative numbers important
Non competitive inhibitors
bind to a different site than active site
allosteric site or regulatory site |
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Term
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Definition
called cofactors
often metal ions, Mg, Mn, K, Fe. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
Direct transfer: X~P + ADP> X+ATP
Not very efficient.
One to one.
Hard find X~P
Good extract last bit energy from reaction |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
Spend most time here
Series of rxns.
Transfer of electrons,
Eventually make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Photosynthesis:
Turn light energy into chemical energy-ATP |
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Term
| Glucose breakdown: 3 main ways |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Entner Duodoroff pathway |
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Term
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Definition
Coupled with glycolysis
Series of rxns,
works +/- oxygen
Breakdown of glucose and 5 carbon sugars
Produces:
ATP via intermediates feed into glycolysis |
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Term
| Light dependent reactions |
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Definition
| make ATP, NADPH from light energy |
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Term
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Definition
light independent reactions-Calvin cycle.
use ATP/NADPH to string carbon together to make plant. |
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Term
| Cyclic photophosphorylation |
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Definition
Makes ATP from light
Electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
Two photosystems
Makes ATP and NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to increase in numbers |
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Term
| Environmental factors(Growth) |
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Definition
Temperature optimal temperatures,pH
Typical pH 6.5-7.5,Osmotic pressure
Usually involves sugar/salts
Hypertonic. hypotonic, isotonic |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen aerobes use oxygen,Carbon source
autotrophs- CO2,heterotrophs- rearrange premade organics.Nitrogen source for amino acids.Sulfur for amino acids,Phosphorus for nucleotides, phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
scratch, mix, premade
liquid/solid
agar
tubes/plates
chemically defined/ complex
Selective/differential |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple, "pure" chemicals Known amounts |
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Term
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Definition
Useful as a generic media.
Complicated mixes of ingredients.
Beef extract, yeast extract- "soups"
Tryptone, peptones- digest of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether it grows. Select for or against |
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Term
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Definition
| How it grows. See difference between bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Lag phase: preparing to divide.
2. Log phase or exponential phase, divide
3. Stationary phase, births=deaths
4. Death phase: births |
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