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| All microorganisms (and all organisms in general) can be divided into two main groups... |
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| prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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are very simple organisms,
contain very few structures inside their "cell",
possess a very simple method of reproduction (binary fission),
contain 1 single stranded circular chromosome,
and possesses no nucleus |
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very complex organisms,
contain many structures inside their "cell",
possess very complex methods of reproduction,
(humans) contain 23 double stranded (46 strands) linear chromosomes,
possesses a nucleus that contains all of the genetic information in the cell |
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| first, first letter always capitalized, should be italics or underlined |
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| second, always lowercase, should be italics or underlined |
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| Morphology of bacteria refers to ... |
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| the size, shape, and arrangement of a bacteria cell |
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| coccus, bacillus, spirillum |
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| Stacked bacillus (side-by-side) |
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| spirillum bacteria with axial filament attached to each end and meets in the middle |
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| Spirochete with axial fillament |
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| a tail-like appendage composed to a protein called flagellin, used for movement |
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| Bacteria that posses flagella are called... |
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| Bacteria that do not possess flagella are called... |
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| one or a group at both poles |
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| flagella over the entire surface |
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| movements of flagellated bacteria are called... |
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| movement in a straight line (flagella go counter-clockwise) |
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| turn (flagella move clockwise) |
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| attractant (attracted to) |
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| repellant (repelled from something) |
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another protein projection, not used for movement)
anchor bacteria to surface |
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| pilus allows transfer of DNa fragments from one bacteria cell to another bacteria cell |
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(some bacteria have it, some don't) outermost layer
allows the cell to stick to surfaces of tissues
inhibit human immune system from easily recognizing and destroying bacterial cell |
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have capsule
more likely to be pathogenic
more difficult to destroy |
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lack capsule
often not pathogenic
white blood cells destroy them more easily |
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middle layer
most have rigid cell wall (except sirochetes)
selective toxicity
site of action for antibiotics
provide structure and strength
has peptidoglycan |
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| antibiotics can be formulated to target the bacterial cell wall without having to worry about harming the human cells |
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cell wall composed of this
repeating units of n-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and n-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) |
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inner-most layer
surrounds the cytoplasm
composed of a combination of proteins and phospholipids arranged in a bilayer
comtains a hydrophobic portion (the phosphate heads) and a hydrophillic portion (fatty acid tails), membrane proteins, peripheral proteins
regulates what enters and exits the cell, aid in energy production |
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| semi-liquid material that consists of water, ions, enzyes, dissolved gases, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and waste products |
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| small intracellular granules involded in the synthesis of proteins, which can be used internally to form intracellular structures, and some produce poisonous proteins called toxins |
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| Several widely known antibiotics exert their effects on the ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis |
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| streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline |
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one single circular strand of DNA that contains between 1000 and 5000 genes
located in the nucleoid |
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(some have these and some don't)
smaller pieces of DNA found separate from the chromosome
may be dupicated and passed on to other bacteria cells through the pilus
may contain extra genes that may benefit the bacteria |
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over time and repeated exposure to many antibiotics and chemotheraputics bacteria become resistant to them
caused by random mutations in the DNA of the bacteria cell
resitant strains stay alive and replicate without competition because the sensitive strains died out |
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| Measures to minimize drug resistance |
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Avoid indiscriminate use and overuse of antibiotics
Use broad spectrum antibiotics only when necessary, use narrow spectrum when applicable
Always take the appropriate dosages of medication for the entire length of prescription
Treat an illness with two or more chemotheraputics or antibiotics at once (called combination therapy)
Limit antibiotic administration to animals in their feed |
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