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| study of living organisms |
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| AKA resident flora, 95% of all microorganisms, do not cause disease |
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| Pathogenic flora, 5% of all microorganism, cause disease |
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| Life Expectancy of a male in the US in 1776? |
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| People given mercury to cure? |
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| STDs (sexually transmitted diseases |
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| Boring holes in a patient's skull? |
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| to let the "evil spirits" that cause illness of escape |
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| 1500's, claimed disease was spread by little seeds that pass through the air from infected person to uninfected person |
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| One of the most important advances in the study of microorganisms what the development of .... |
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| dutch, first developer of the microscope, had a magnification of 200x, viewed and drew the three basic shapes of bacteria |
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| Progress in the study of microbes was slow because... |
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| microscopes were not readily available, and microbes were not viewed as medically important |
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| a miasma, which is defined as some altered quality of the atmosphere arose from dead and dying bodies and spread disease to other individuals |
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| Spontaneous Generation Theory |
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| states that life comes from non-life |
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| shows that living things can only come from other living things, disproves spontaneous generation theory |
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| helped disprove spontaneous generation theory by putting meat in two jars, one with a lid and one open, and maggots only grew in the open jar |
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| provided final evidence of biogenesis and the final defeat of spontaneous generation theory using an experiment with swan-necked flasks |
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| late 1700's, established prophylactic measures to prevent disease before it could occur, found the first vaccination for smallpox by using the cowpox disease to gain immunity. |
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| How does vaccination or immunization protect a person? |
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| vaccine is recognized as foreign by immune system, and immune system produces protective proteins called antibodies that will recognize and destroy the actual pathogen |
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| Hungarian in mid 1800's, realized that the high infant mortality rate was from physicians not washing hands between deliveries, and washing with chlorine water |
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| english in mid 1800's, founder of epidemiology, which is tracing disease through a population |
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| developed pasteurization using wine |
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| Two types of pasteurization |
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Flash - 160 degrees F for 15-20 seconds
Ultra - 250 degrees F for 1 second |
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| late 1800's, established the germ theory of disease, now known as Koch's postulates; animal dies, microbes observed and isolated into pure culture, used to inoculate healthy animal, if it dies with the same symptoms then that was pathogenic microorganisms. Repeated several times |
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| Exceptions to Koch's Postulates |
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not all pathogens can grow in vitro,
some pathogens are host specific and only grow in certain animals,
some infections are caused by the combined effects of two or more different microorganisms
some diseases are not caused by microorganisms |
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| called "father of aseptic (sterile) procedure", sprayed disinfectant called phenol on patients skin and instruments before surgery |
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| developed Gram stain technique to identify bacteria, identify as Gram positive and Gram negative |
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| blue/purple in microscope |
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| developed first antibiotic from mold called penicillin |
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| developed first polio virus vaccine, inactivated or "killed" vaccine |
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| developed second polio vaccine with "live" vaccine, comprised of attenuated or weakened virus particles to stimulate production antibodies |
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| Killed (IPV) Polio vaccine |
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| Salk, inocculated polio vaccine, larger doses, frequent boosters |
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| Attenuated (OPV) polio vaccine |
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| Sabin, oral polio vaccine, "weakened", smaller doses, fewer boosters, but more likely to revert back to pathogenic form |
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