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Microbiology
qz1 lecture
62
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
01/24/2018

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Biology
Definition
The study of living organisms
Term
Microbiology
Definition
The study of microorganisms
Term
Normal Flora
Definition

Also called resident flora

Make up about 90% of all microorganisms. 

DO NOT cause disease

Term
Transient Flora
Definition

Also called pathogenic flora.

About 10% of all microorganisms

Cause Disease

Term
What was the average life expectancy of a male in the US in 1776
Definition
35 years old
Term
What early treatments were tried?
Definition

STD tx with mercury and heavy metals

Bleeding with Leeches

Boring holes into skull to rid head of evil spirits

Term
It is the person who convinces the world of a new concept...
Definition
not necessarily the one who thought of it first who gets the credit.
Term
Fracastoro
Definition

In the 1550s he claimed that disease was spread through little seeds that pass through the air from someone who is infected wtih diesase to someone who is uninfected

He was right- didn't convince anyone

Term
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Definition

Discovery Era

Father of the microscope.

Lens grinder could make simple microscrope magnification of 200x

He viewed and drew the first 3 basic shapes of bacteria

Coccus: Bacillus: Spirillum

Microbes still not viewed as medically important - thought disease was caused by curses on people with unspiritual lives

Term
Miasma Theory
Definition

Came during Transition period, thinking that  something specific was the causative agent of disease

Defined as  some altered quality of the atmosphere.. bad feeling bad vibe... can't put your finger on it

Term
Spontaneous Generation Theory
Definition

Life comes from non life

Example of ingredients

Dirty shirt +wheat+21 days = mice

Term
Francesco Redi
Definition

Two jars of meat

One with air , one without

Covered jar - no maggots

Open jar- maggots

Trying to disprove spontaneous generation theroy

Started biogenesis

Didn't work because of spirits not allowed in arguement

but helped

Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition

Proved FINAL evidence of biogenisis

Used swan necked flasks

Spirits could still get in because flasks were open

Boiled mutton broth and placed it in flasks

Broth remained sterile because the neck was long enough to keep microbes out

Broth remained sterile until neck broke off

Open to air but contained

Developed patuerization technique with wine

Bacteria produced acedic acid (vinegar)

yeast fermented wine

he heated grape juice to kill any bacteria

Term
Biogenesis
Definition

Theory that living things can only come from other living things

Disproved spontaneous generation theory

Term
Edward Jenner
Definition

Established the prophylactic measures. Preventing disease before it could occur.

Jenner noticed that women that milked cows contracted cowpox- udderally harmless

But, it helped prevent SMALL POX that was deadly

Took a needle and scraped some material from cowpox lesion on the cow's udder and introduced it under the skin of a person who had not had either cowpox nor small pox. Person did get cowpox but not small pox and had IMMUNITY

Term
How does vaccination or immunization protect a person?
Definition

The vaccine material is recognized as foreign by our immune system

Immune system produces protective proteins called antibodies that will later recognize and destroy the actual disease causer-- (pathogen)

Term
Semmelweis
Definition

HANDWASHING

Noticed that a contributing factor to high infant mortality rates was that physicians did not wash hands between mothers. 

Instituted basic hand washing procedures using chlorine water

Term

 

Snow

Definition

Epidemiology

Study of disease- tracing of disease thorugh a population

Found that city dwellers caught more diseases than isolated country people.

Term
How many diseases are reportable in the state of Ohio?
Definition
80 that are classified as reportable to the county and state epidemiologists when they occur
Term
Robert Koch
Definition

GERM theory of disease

 

Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition

Animal dies from disease- Following examination, microbes observed

Microbes are then isolated into a pure culture- a growth of only one type of organism from one original mother cell into millions of microbes of the same type and that forms a mass called PURE COLONY

Samples of the organisms are innoculated or introduced to healthy animals

If the isolated organism caused the disease a second animal should exhibit identical symptoms seen in the first animal

Following examination of the second animal, identical organisms are observed again and again

procedure is repeated several times

Term
Joseph Lister
Definition

Father of ASCEPTIC TECHNIQUE

Found that microorganisms were responsible for wound infections

Compound fractures developed complications from infections while simple fractures did not

He sprayed disinfectant called  PHENOL on the patients skin and on his instruments before surgery to kill microorganisms

Term
Gram
Definition
Developed the gram stain technique to identify bacteria
Term
Gram positive
Definition
Appears blue or purple in microscope
Term
Gram negative
Definition
Appears Red or Pink in microscope
Term
Fleming
Definition

Developed first antibiotic from mold- PCN

 

Term
Salk
Definition

1940s/1950s

Developed first Polio virus vaccine IPV

Inactivated or Kill vaccine it was comprised of dead polio virus particles

Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Term
Sabin
Definition

1950s-1960s

Developed second polio vaccine that was a live vaccine

Comprised of attenuated or weakened virus particles that were produced from less virulant dangerous strains of the antibodies that would protect an individual from disease

OPV

Term
Compare SABIN TO SALK
Definition

Salk

Invented IPV

IPV was larger doses and more frequent boosters

Inactivated polio vaccine

Sabin

Invented OPV

Attenuated

Smaller doses

less frequent boosters

Oral Polio Vaccine

Term
In the early days of the polio vaccine which would you choose and why?
Definition
Choose IPV because OPV would sometimes revert back since it was live and in pathogenic form.
Term
Which polio vaccine does your child receive now?
Definition

Since 2000, FOUR doses of the IPV

We went back to IPV because Polio is now so rare that the OPV is too much to give in a small dose.. since it's live and IPV is not

IPV prevents vaccine associated polio

Term
Name the 3 types of bacteria found and by who
Definition

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillum

 

Found by Anton Van Leewenhoek

Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
Gram _ rod
foreign strains can cause several types of diarrheal illnesses known as dysentery
Term
E. coli
Definition
2 types travelers and infantile
Term
newer strain(believed to be as deadly as botulism)found on contaminated fruits and improperly cooked food
Definition
E. coli O157H7 strain
Term
bordetella
Definition
causes whooping cough or pertussis
the "p" in DTaP
Term
borellia
Definition
causes lyme disease
a tick-borne disease that is passed from animal(deer) to human by bite of infected tick.
this is called zoonosis(when animal diseases are passed to human population
Term
treponema
Definition
a spirochete(spirillum-shaped organism with an axial filament)
causative agent of STD syphilis
Term
Pseudomonas
Definition
Gram-
can cause stubborn respiratory infections and urinary tract infections
Term
hemophilus
Definition
causes influenza-like resp. illness(caused by bacteria)
particularly dangerous to infants
a common cause of bacterial meningitis
(the reason for HiB vaccine for infants
Term
Cell cultures(tissue cultures)Types:
Definition
primary cell lines(from animals)
diploid cell lines(from aborted fetus)
continuous cell lines (from tumor cells)
bacterial lines (bacteria may be used to grow viruses instead of animal)
Term
viruses
Definition
known as obligate intracellular parasites=means they must be grown inside a living cell( and cant be grown like bacteria can)
Cannot function outside the safety of this host cell
Term
Virus structure
Definition
must be composed of at least a protein coat containing genetic material that is either DNA or a closely related compound called RNA(ribonucleic acid)
Term
virus structure
Definition
contain either DNA OR RNA not both
Term
protein coat
Definition
called capsid
Term
genetic material(DNA or RNA)
Definition
called genome
Term
some viruses but not all
Definition
may have an outer covering consisting of a protein?lipid bilayer called envelope
Term
envelope
Definition
thought to aid the virus when it enters the next host cell. the viral envelope fuses with the host membrane allowing the capsidand viral genome to enter and infect the cell
Term
spikes
Definition
some viruses (but not all)contain small protein projections called...
Term
spikes
Definition
aid in attaching the virus to receptors on the host cell membrane...the first step in a possible infection of the cell
Term
spike
Definition
first spikes attach to host cell membrane
second envelope fuses with host cell membrane
virus is now inside host cell
Term
spike "H"
Definition
H spike = hemagglutinin...used by the virus to attach to host cell (in resp. tract)
Term
spike "N"
Definition
stands for neuraminidase- used by virus to enter and exit the host cell( in resp. tract)
Term
virus particle
Definition
capsid
genome
spikes
envelope
Term
shapes of viruses
Definition
Helical( virus in plants)
Polyhedral( affects humans ex: common cold)
Spherical (causes disease in humans)
Complex (infect bacteria)
Term
Lytic Cycle
Definition
Attachment
Penetration and uncoating
Transcription
Biosynthesis and assembly
Release
Term
Types of viral infections
Definition
acute
chronic
latent
Term
acute viral infections
Definition
rapid onset
illness lasts for a short period of time
primarily caused by lytic viruses
colds, flu, measles and norovirus
Term
chronic viral infection
Definition
1) slow onset of illness
2) lasts for longer periods of time, with EVIDENT symptoms that may last for many years even a lifetime
3) Primarily caused by slow lytic viruses
4) examples - Hepatitis, mononucleosis
4
Term
Latent Viral Infections
Definition

1) Similar characteristics to chronic viral infection, EXCEPT at times virus is dormant

2) No symptoms evident, few antibodies in plasma with exception of HIV, no detectable virus in body b/c at this point virus is located with the host DNA safely tucked in host cell

3)primarily caused by lysogenic viruses 40 activation of virus may be brought on by things such as stress, other illness, UV light

Term
Examples of lysogenic infections
Definition
Herpes simplex, Varicella (chxnpox)Varicella zoster ( shingles) HIV
Term
Bacteria responsible for Bacterial Meningitis
Definition
Hemophilus...infants
Streptococcus...adults
Neisseria...children
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