Term
| What does staining bacteria help us determine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most useful staining technique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is gram +? Gram -? What are these colors based on? |
|
Definition
Gram += blue
Gran -=red
**based on the cell wall** |
|
|
Term
| Is the gram + wall thick or thin? What does it contain? |
|
Definition
-very thick
-containts teichoic acid |
|
|
Term
| Are gram + wall susceptible to antibiotics? How many layers does it have? |
|
Definition
-vunerable to pennicillins and lysozyme
-has 2 layers |
|
|
Term
| Does gram+ have a high lipid count? Periplasmic space? Entotoxins? |
|
Definition
-low lipid count
-no periplasmic space or entotoxins |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell wall like with gram - bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cell wall gram - bacteria have? Does it have lipid content? |
|
Definition
-murein lipoprotein
-high lipid count |
|
|
Term
| Does gram - bacteria have periplasmic space and porin channels? What does the outer membrane contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are gram - bacteria succeptible to antiobiotics like pennicillin or cells like lysozyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of stain does myobacteria require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease does myobacterium cause? |
|
Definition
| tuberculosis, a bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| What kind of microscopy does spriochetes require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most disease-causing organisms are what? |
|
Definition
-gram - rods
-gram - pleomorphic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 exceptions that cause disease that are not like other bacteria? |
|
Definition
-2 gram + cocci
-4 gram + rods
-1 gram - cocci
-1 gram - spiral shaped organism |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 gram + cocci that are an exception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gram + rods? |
|
Definition
-bacilis
-clostridium
-cornebacterium
-listeria |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1 gram - cocci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1 gram - spiral shaped organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are gram + cocci usually arranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are steptococcus catalase negative or positive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 categores of strept based on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 categories of strept? |
|
Definition
-Beta-hemolytic(completely lyse)
-Alpha-hemolytic(partially lyse)
-Gamma-hemolytic(unable to lyse) |
|
|
Term
| What are the different groups of beta-hemolytic strep calld? What are they? |
|
Definition
-Lancefield groups
-groups A-U |
|
|
Term
| Which lancefield group is among the most important to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-streptokinase
-hyaluronidase
**help it spread** |
|
|
Term
| What is hyaluronidase necessary for? |
|
Definition
| invading tissue during spread of infections |
|
|
Term
| Why is group A so causitive for maladies such as: strep throat, ohygenic infections, tonilitis, scarlet/rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
| because of their ability to adhere to pharyngeal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the causitive agent for rheumatic and scarlet fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory disease caused by untreated strept infection that can involve hearts, joints, brain, etc |
|
|
Term
| Does the viridans group of strept have a lancefield group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is viridis latin for? Why is it called this? |
|
Definition
-green
-because it has a green tint when it is cultured |
|
|
Term
| Most of the viridans group is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the viridans group of strept normally inhabit? |
|
Definition
| the nasopharynx and gingival crevices |
|
|
Term
| What is a member of the viridans group that causes caries? |
|
Definition
| s. mutans, produces glycans which causes acid and caries |
|
|
Term
| How does S. Mutans process sugar? |
|
Definition
1.metabolize sucrose to lactic acid
2.also produces dextrans from sucrose(sticky to allow bacteria to adhere)
3.produces lactic acid from other sugars |
|
|
Term
| What is it a combination of that produces caries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S. mutans associated with periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows bacteria to adhere to endocardial surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only sugar that s. mutans converts to dextran? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. mutans is responsible for caries where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. sobrinus is respinsible for caries where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does S.salivarius colonize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S. Mitis cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is S.sanguis found? |
|
Definition
| plaque colonization and endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| What is S.Salivarious associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common aroebic organisms implicated in facial cellulitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes S.pneumoniae very resistant and destructive? |
|
Definition
| polysacchride layer that it is encapsulated with |
|
|
Term
| Is staph pennicillin resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is staph:
Mobile?
Spore forming?
Shape? |
|
Definition
-non-mobile
-nonspore forming
-spherical gram + cocci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a typical lesion of staph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 significant endotoxins of staph aureus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pigmented compounds produced by s. aureus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the protein produced by s.aureus called? What do they do? |
|
Definition
-leukocidins
-destroy phaygocytes(make pus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most resistant disease causing organism? |
|
Definition
| MRSA(methicillin resistant s. aureus) |
|
|
Term
| What does bacillus cause? What is it? |
|
Definition
-gram + rod
-causes anthrax and food poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What does clostridium cause? What is it? |
|
Definition
-gram + rod
-causes tetanus, gangrene, food poisoning, antibiotic resistant pseudomembraeous colitis |
|
|
Term
| What is corynebacterium? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
-gram + rod
-causes diptheria |
|
|
Term
| What does listeria have? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
-has endotoxin
-causitive organism for meningitis and sepsis |
|
|
Term
| What is nesseria? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
-gram - cocci
-causes meninigitis and gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are spirochetes? What do they cause? What is it associated with? |
|
Definition
-gram - spiral shaped organism
-cause syphilis, lyme disease
-in associated with NUG/NUP |
|
|
Term
| What is special about lactobacillus? |
|
Definition
| can derive lactic acid from glucose which creates an acidic enviornment (aciduric) |
|
|
Term
| What does lactobacillus produce that is like dextran? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lactobacillus associated with? |
|
Definition
| advanced/deep carious lesions and aciduric |
|
|
Term
| What are actinomyces? What caries are they seen in? |
|
Definition
-gram + rods, form large pop of oral flora
-root caries |
|
|
Term
| Do the phases of bacteria growth related to each bacteria or the group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 stages of bacteria growth? |
|
Definition
1.lag phase
2.logarithmic/exponential phase
3.stationary phase
4.death phase |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the lag phase? |
|
Definition
| growth is slow, bacteria aclimate to enviornment |
|
|
Term
| Is metabolic activity increased during the lag phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase of growth are bacteria most prone to physical and chemical agents? |
|
Definition
| logarithmic/exponential phase |
|
|
Term
| What can bacteria be classified based on? (2) |
|
Definition
1.oxygen metabolism
2.carbon and energy sources |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly used source of energy for humans and bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can oxygen metabolism form? (3) |
|
Definition
1.hydrogen peroxide
2.superoxide radicals
3.hydroxyl radicals |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 enzymes that bacteria posses to break down oxygen products? |
|
Definition
1.catalase(breaks hydrogen perox)
2.peroxidase(breaks hydro perox)
3.superoxide dismutase(breaks superoxide radical) |
|
|
Term
| What are obligate aerobes? What are some examples? |
|
Definition
-like us, use krebs cycle and glycolsis
-nesseria, pseudommonas, legionella, mycobacterium |
|
|
Term
| What are faculative anaerobes? examples? |
|
Definition
-aerobic but can grow in absence of oxygen using fermantation
-staph, listeria, actinomyces, most gram - rods |
|
|
Term
| What are microaerophilic bacteria? |
|
Definition
-uses formantation
-can tolerate LOW levels of oxygen b/c they contain superoxide dismutase
-Strept., spirochetes, camphylobacter |
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria is implicated in pregnancy gingivitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are obligate anaerobes? |
|
Definition
-can't stand oxygen
-prevotella, porphy g. |
|
|
Term
| What is prevotella most often associated with? |
|
Definition
| preg ging, facial cellulitis, NUP/NUG |
|
|
Term
| What allows porphymonas gingivalis to adhere to epithelial and tooth surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does porphymonas gingivalis produce? What is it? |
|
Definition
| collagenase, an enzyme that breaks down collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does fungi require for nutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi are BLANK, bacteria are BLANK. |
|
Definition
| Fungi are eukaryotes, bacteria are prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
| What does fungi cell walls contain that makes it insensitive to antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cell membrane of fungi contain? |
|
Definition
| ergosterol and zymosterol |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs is used topically to treat oral candidiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug is used systemically to treat candidiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may systemic infection of candida albicans involve? |
|
Definition
-lungs
-kidneys
-heart
-esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no, they have to have a host cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the protein core of viruses called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer lipid bilayer of viruses called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a complete virus particle called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are viruses big or small? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 possible outcomes once a cell has been infected by a virus? |
|
Definition
1.death
2.transformation
3.latent infection
4.chronic slow infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-similar to mRNA(positive)
-template for production(negative) |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of RNA viruses? |
|
Definition
-hep A
-rhino
-flu
-measles, mumps
-rabies
-HIV |
|
|
Term
| Do DNA viruses have DNA or RNA strands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has to be done before DNA viruses can be translated into proteins? |
|
Definition
| it must be transcribed into mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of DNA viruses? |
|
Definition
-HPV
-herpes I and II
-Varicella zoster
-smallpox |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative organism for epstein barr? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does epstein barr cause? |
|
Definition
| mono, burkitts lymphona, nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nasopharygeal secretions, can cross placental barrier |
|
|
Term
| What are the spots seen with measles? What do they look like? |
|
Definition
| kopliks spots, res lesions with blue centers in the mouth |
|
|
Term
| What is the causitive organism for herpangina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the RNA hepatitus viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1 DNA hep virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intact hepatitis B virus called? Size? |
|
Definition
-Dane particle
-BIG(42 NM) |
|
|
Term
| What is the hep b surface antigen? What antibody confers immunity? |
|
Definition
| HBsAg, Anti-HBsAg confers immunity |
|
|
Term
| When is a soluble component of the core(HBeAg) of HBV released? |
|
Definition
| during active infection and viral growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the marker for active disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the HBV vaccine? Can you get HBV from it? |
|
Definition
| artificial acquired active immunity, NO risk of developing HBV from it |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of passive immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HBsAg=
Anti-HBsAg=
HBcAg=
HBeAg=
Anti-HBeAg= |
|
Definition
HBsAg= active disease
Anti-HBsAg=immune
HBcAg= acute, chronic, resolving
HBeAg=high infectivity
Anti-HBeAg=low infectivity |
|
|
