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Microbiology
various terms from a Micro course
61
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
01/20/2014

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
gene therapy
Definition
missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced
Term
cell theory
Definition
all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
Term
parasitology
Definition
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
Term
bacteria
Definition
mitochondria, cyanobacteria, chloroplasts, proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, thermotoga
Term
recombinant DNA technology
Definition
new technique for biotechnology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a vareity of proteins, including vaccines and enyzmes
Term
Three domains of Archaea
Definition
methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles
Term
chemotherapy
Definition
treatment with chemicals
Term
Redi
Definition

decaying meat experiment

opponent of spontaneous generation

Term
Koch
Definition
Proved that bacterium caauses anthrax and provided the experimental steps (Koch's postulate) to prove that a specific microbe, causes a specific disease
Term
recombinant DNA
Definition
DNA made from two different sources
Term
molecular biology
Definition
study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Term
pasteurization
Definition
the application of high heat for a short time
Term
virology
Definition
study of viruses
Term
normal microbiota
Definition
microbes normally present in and on human body
Term
Lister
Definition

preformed surgery under antiseptic conditions proved microbes caused surgical wound infections 

chemical disinfectant

Term
antibiotics
Definition
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
Term
Eukarya
Definition
fungi, animals, amobae, slime molds, climates, plants, green algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglenozoa, and giradia.
Term
spontaneous generation
Definition
hyphothesis that all living organisms arise from non living matter, a vital force forms life
Term
Pasteur
Definition

demonstrated microorganisms are present in the air 

s-shaped flask

discovered relationship b/w microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs 

fermentaion

demonstrated life did not arise spontaneously from non living matter

father of microbiology

Term
Erlich
Definition

speculated about a magic bullet that would destroy pathogen w/o harming the host

developed synthetic arsenic drug saluarsan to treat syphilis

Term
immunology
Definition
study of immunity
Term
fermentation
Definition
conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
Term
bacteriology
Definition
study of bacteria
Term
emerging inpectios diseases
Definition

New diseases and diseases increasing in inicidence 

AIDS

influenza A virus MRSA

West Nile Encephalitis

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

E. coli

Ebola hemorrahic fever

cryptoridiosis

Term
mycology
Definition
study of fungi
Term
biogenesis
Definition
hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
Term
Fleming
Definition

discovered first antibiotic 

observed that penecillum fungus made antibiotic, penicillin, that killed s. aureus

Term
genomics
Definition
study of organisms; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
Term
immunity
Definition
the protection from a vaccination
Term
biotechnology
Definition
use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals is centuries old
Term
synthetic drugs
Definition
chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases
Term
resistance
Definition
ability of body to ward off diseases
Term
microbial genetics
Definition
study of how microbes inherit traits
Term
Darkfield illumination
Definition

light objects are visible against a dark background

light reflected off the specimen enters the objective lens

Term
refractive index
Definition
measure of light bending ability of a medium
Term
Units of measurement
Definition

um=10-6 m=10-3 mm

1 nm=10-9 m=10-6 mm

1000 nm=1 um

0.001 um=1nm


Term
scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Definition
Uses metal probe to scan speciman
Term
simple stain
Definition
uses single basic dye
Term
mordant
Definition
used to hold stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it
Term
gram positive
Definition
tend to be killed by penicillin and deleogants
Term
gram negative stain
Definition

move resistant to antibiotics

have peptidoglycan and protein layer

Term
acid-fast stain
Definition

stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol 

mycobaterium

 

Term
staining
Definition
coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
Term
smear
Definition

thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide

usually fixed to attach microbes to slide and to kill microbes

Term
basic dye
Definition
the chromophone is a cation
Term
acidic dye
Definition
the chromophone is an anion
Term
negative staining
Definition
staining background instead of cells
Term
Brightfield illumination
Definition

dark objects visible against a bright background

light reflected off the specimen does not enter the objective lens

Term
resolution
Definition
ability of lens to distinguish two points
Term
electron microscopy
Definition

uses electrons instead of light

the shorter wavelength of electron gives greater resolution

Term
differential interference contrast microscopy
Definition
accentuates diffraction of the light that presses through a specimen; uses two beams of light
Term
atomic force mircroscopy (AFM)
Definition

uses a metal-and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen

produces three-dimensional images

Term
Immersion oil
Definition
used to keep light from bending
Term
compound light microscope
Definition

image from objective lens is magnified agin by the ocular lens

total magnification=objectivex ocular

shorter wavelengths of light provide greater resolutions

Term
fluorescence microscopy
Definition

uses UV light 

fluorescent substance absorb UV light and emit visible light

cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes)

Term
Phase-contrast microscopy
Definition
accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen
Term
confocal microscopy
Definition

cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes

short wavelength (blue) light is used to excite the dyes

the light illuminates each plane in a speciment to produce a three-dimensional image

up to 100 um deep

Term
two-photon microscopy
Definition

cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes

two photons of long wavelength (red) lgith are used to excite the dyes

used to study cells attached to a surface

up to 1mm deep

Term
Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)
Definition

measures sound waves are reflected back from an object

used to study cells attached to a surface

resolution 1um

Term
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Definition

ultrathin sections of specimens

light passes through specimen, then an electromagnetic lens, to a screen or film

speciments may be stained with heavy metal salts

10,000-100,000x resolution 2.5 nm

Term
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Definition

an electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans surface of a whole specimen

secondary electrons emmited from the specimen produce the image

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