Term
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Definition
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Term
Salmonella
SALMONELLAE(SALMONELLOSIS) |
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Definition
Salmonellae (Salmonellosis)
1. Mode of transmission: foods, especially meat pies, poultry, dairy products
2. Reservoir: man, domestic and wild animals
3. Incubation period: 12-24 hours average
4. Symptoms: acute infection with sudden abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and fever
5. Agent: more than 800 serotypes |
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Term
Shigella
SHIGELLA (SHIGELLOSIS) |
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Definition
Shigella (Shigellosis)
1. Mode of transmission: objects of food contaminated with feces
2. Reservoir: man
3. Incubation period: 1-7 days; usually less than 4
4. Symptoms: diarrhea, fever, cramps, vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Mycobacterium
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS(TUBERCULOSIS) |
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Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
1. Mode of transmission: contact with patients with open lesions or ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected cows.
2. Reservoir: man, cattle
3. Incubation period: 4-6 weeks to show lesions
4. Symptoms: chronic disease; primary skin lesions heal, but occasionally lead to pulmonary tuberculosis; characterized by arrest and remission, cough, fever fatigue and weight loss |
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Term
Staphylococcus
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AURESUS |
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Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
1. Mode of transmission: direct contact with infected person or indirectly through
goods
2. Reservoir: man including subclinical carriers
3. Incubation period: food poisoning 1-6 hours
4. Symptoms: abrupt severe nausea, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea: no fever
5. Other organism forms enterotoxin in potentially hazardous foods. Coagulase l+ )
characteristic; toxin is heat stable; Staphylococcus aureus also is an important hospital and nursery pathogen; bovine mastitis |
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Term
Streptococcus
STREPTOCOCCUS PYROGENES |
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Definition
Streptococcus pyrogenes
1. Mode of transmission: direct contact airborne droplet spread or contaminated food
and milk
2. Reservoir: man including carriers
3. Incubation period: 1-3 days
4. Symptoms: sore throat with other possible complications
5. Other: bovine mastitis & consequent transfer to milk |
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Term
Clostridium
CLOSTRIUM BOTULINUM (BOTULISM) |
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Definition
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
1. Mode of transmission: food , especially inadequately canned or processed, then
eaten without cooking
2. Reservoir: soil and intestinal tract of animals'
3. Incubation period: 12-36 hours
4. Symptoms: highly fatal, afebrile intoxication; weakness, dizziness, doublevision; death from respiratory or cardiac failure |
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Term
Vibrio
VIBRIO CHOLERAE (CHOLERA) |
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Definition
1. Mode of transmission: water, food (fecal-oral)
2. Reservoir: man
3. Incubation period: 2-3 days average
4. Symptoms: sudden onset of vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea. dehydration and collapse |
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Term
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Definition
Listeria monocvtogenes, or commonly known as "Listeria" bacteria.
RESERVOIR
Infected domestic and wild mammals, fowl and man. The organism can be found ubiquitous (free-living) in water and mud.
GROWTH FACTORS
Temperature Range: 35<-->115°F, Optimal Temperature: 86<-->198.6°F, pH Range: 5<-->9.5, Minimum Water Activity (Aw): 0.96
CHARACTERISTICS ·ok
A hardy organism that is resistant to freezing, drying and heat. It can grow well In temperatures as low as 31°F and in reduced
oxygen environments and salt (NaCI) concentration of 20%. Up to 25,000 cases are approximately reported annually. Many meat
processing and dairy products improperly manufactured result in a number of food recalls from this organism.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Mostly by the consumption of products that are infected. Most likely infections can be of infected animals and soil containin'g infected
animal feces. Infected animals can be asymptomatic. Foods usually implicated are soft cheeses, coleslaw, inadequately pasteurized
milk, shellfish, raw fish, ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented meats, raw meat, fish and poultry. Infectious dose is unknown so any
number of organisms is not considered a safe level.
SYMPTOMS
A bacterial disease which causes initial symptoms similar to the flu. Complications can result in encephalitis type symptoms: the
meningoencephalitis (affecting the membranes to the brain) and septicemia (blood poisoning). Onset is usually sudden, with
persistent fever, intense headache, nausea and vomiting. Delirium and coma often follows in advanced cases.· Occasional shock
and collapse occurs. Septicemic listeriosis is an acute, mild fever disease which infects intrauterine region and affects the fetus and
possibly interrupting pregnancy. Abortion can occur. Infants also can be stillborn with many of the symptoms listed above. Mos
susceptible are the pregnant women and the unborn fetus Infants can be infected by the presence of the organism in the birth
canal. Immune impaired people, particularly elderly and sick can be fatally susceptible to this disease. Not all people who come in
contact with the Listeria organism develop the disease. Onset: Several days to 3 weeks. Duration of the disease varies.
FATALITY
4%. of infants contracting can be fatal. Sick infants are most susceptible in the first 4 days of the disease outbreak.
CONTROL
The disease can be prevented by cooking or processing food thoroughly and using properly pasteurized milk products. Pregnant
women should avoid foods suspected of the bacteria as well as handling animals that are infected (domestic animals). |
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Term
Bacillus
BACILLUS ANTHROCIS (ANTHRAX) |
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Definition
Bacillus anthrocis (Anthrax)
1. Mode of transmission: contact with animal tissues including hide and hair products
2. Reservoir: cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs and others
3. Incubation per iod: Less than 4 days, average
4. Symptoms: skin lesions progressing to tissues; inhalation anthr ax begins like upper respiratory infection followed by fever and shock in 3-5 days and death shortly thereafter. Inhalation and gastrointestinal anthrax are highly fatal, but rare. |
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Term
Yersinia
YERSINIS PESTIS (PLAGUE) |
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Definition
Yersinia Pestis (Plague)
. 1. Mode of transmission: bite of an infective rat flea or contact or airborne route from
infected persons
2. Reservoir: wild rodents, rats
3. Incubation period: 2-6 days
4. Symptoms: high fever, fall in blood pressure, rapid-pulse, convulsions, coma
5. Types: bubonic: lymph nodes swollen forming characteristic bubols. Pneumonic is
transmitted through respiratory droplets and is more fulminating and dangerous |
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Term
Campylobacter
CAMPHYLOBACTER JEJUNIO |
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Definition
INFECTIOUS AGENT: Camphylobacter jejuni
RESERVOIR
Soil bacteria that is commonly found in the intestinal tract of livestock and poultry.
GROWTH FACTORS
Temperature Range: 86<-->113°F, Optimal Temperature: 107<-->113°F, pH Range: 4.9<-->8, Minimum Water Activity (Aw):
unknown.
CHARACTERISTICS
A fragile, organism which is killed by regular disinfection, pasteurization and proper cooking. The disease is classified as an
infection. Infectious dose: over 400 bacteria or more.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Cross contamination or insufficiently heated raw vegetables. Raw chicken, cattle, milk and eggs and water that has not been disinfected have been culprits of this disease.
SYMPTOMS
An intestinal disorder characterized by watery, bloody, sticky diarrhea, headaches, malaise and high fever. Children under 5 years
of age and young adults are most susceptible to this disease. Incubation period: ranges from 12 to 24 hours. Duration is 1 to 5 days.
There are 2 to 4 million cases annually. The most prevalent food infection in the U.S.A. It is the leading cause of diarrhea
illness in the U.S.A.
FATALITY
Death is 1 in 1000 cases.
CONTROL
The food should be cooked thoroughly. Cross contamination must be prevented. Use only pasteurized milk products, carefully separate cooked and raw products in refrigerated storage. Thorough handwashing is a must for good prevention. |
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Term
Vibrio
VIBRIO PARAHEMOLYTICUS |
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Definition
1. Mode of transmission: contamination of raw foods of marine origin
2. Reservoir: seawater, marine life
3. Incubation period: 2-48 hours; usually 12 hours
4. Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever |
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Term
Salmonella
SALMONELLA TYPHI(TYPHOID FEVER) |
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Definition
Salmonella typhi (Typhoid Fever)
1. Mode of transmission: direct or indirect contact with patient or carrier; raw fruits,
vegetables, dairy products, shellfish and water
2. Reservoir: man, including carriers
3. Incubation period: average of 2 weeks
4. Symptoms: continued fever, slow pulse, ulceration ofPeyer's patches, rose spots on trunk; constipation |
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Term
Clostridium
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS |
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Definition
Clostridium perfringens
1. Mode of transmission: foods, especially cooked meat and poultry that have been
inadequately cooled
2. Reservoir: soil and animal feces
3. Incubation period: average 8-12 hours
4. Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea |
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Term
Rickettsia
RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII (ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER) |
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Definition
a. Mode of transmission: bite of infected tick, Dermacentor & Amblyomma species
b. Reservoir: rodents, dogs, ticks, rabbits
c. Incubation period: 3-10 days
d. Symptoms: sudden onset of fever lasting about 2 weeks; rash develops on upper and spreads
e. Other; not confined to Rocky Mountains |
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Term
Coccidioides
COCCIDIOMYCOSIS |
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Definition
COMMON NAME
Valley fever or desert fever
INFECTIOUS AGENT
Coccidiodes immitis, a soil fungus.
RESERVOIR
Soil.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The inhalation of spores from the soil or vegetation. Primary infections are extremely common in arid and semi arid environments.
Affects all ages and most frequently in summer after a wind or dust storm.
SYMPTOMS
Resemble flu like symptoms. Fever, chills, cough and body aches.
FATALITY
There are between 20 to 40 fatalities per year in California (data from 1955 to 1980).
CONTROL
To control dusty soli conditions. Avoid conditions which may kick up a large amount of dust such as wind or dust storm.
Face masks with air filtration can hel" In occupations that expose people to high dust conditions. People most affected are males between 15 to 25 years of age. |
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Term
Plasmodium
PLASMODIUM UIUAX, PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
and others (MALARIA) |
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Definition
Plasmodium uiuax, Plasmodium falciparum and others (Malaria)
a. Mode of transmission: bite of infective Anopholes mosquito
b. Reservoir: man
c. Incubation period: 12-14 days
d. Symptoms: chills, fever, headache, nausea, profuse sweating; cyclic attacks, may become chronic |
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Term
Entamoeba
ENTAMEBA HISTOLYTICA |
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Definition
COMMON NAME
Amebic dysentery; amebiasis.
IDENTIFICATION
An infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolvtica. The organism exists in two forms, a durable infective cyst
(ova cyst) or the acute amebic dysentery which is a more fragile trophozoite. Can invade the tissues which gives rise to intestinal
disease. In most cases it is a disease which occupies the large intestines. This disease can be highly transmittable if proper
sanitation and hygiene is not exercised. People with chronic or asymptomatic phases of the disease should avoid food, water and
milk preparations. Occurrence: The infection can be world wide and is usually prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and health education such as the tropics and third world countries.
SYMPTOMS
Mild abdominal discomfort, diarrhea altemating with constipation, there can be chronic or acute diarrhea with mucus and blood; may
spread to other organs. Most infections are asymptomatic. The intestinal disease can cause chills, fever and bloody, mucoidal
diarrhea.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
The protozoan is called Entamoeba histolytica.
RESERVOIR
Man, who is chronically ill or an asymptomatic cyst passer.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Water, raw vegetables, flies and soiled hands (the transfer of cysts). Epidemics are result of contaminated water containing the
cysts from the feces of infected persons. Also food preparation, mainly soiled hand to mouth transfer of feces. Water can be a
common vehicle for the organism. Persons with acute amebic dysentery pose only a limited danger because of the fragility of the
tropozoite. Incubation period: (on-set): Has a wide range viability. Can be a few days to a few months. Usually 2 to 4 weeks. Period
of Communicability: Cyst passing can occur for many years.
FATALITY
Not considered a fatal infection.
CONTROL
Improving the living conditions of the environment. Proper sanitation and hygiene practices are essential. Protection of the potable
water supply and the chlorine disinfection is an essential step to prevent the outbreak of the disease. When in doubt, boil the water
before drinking. Fly control is also an important factor since the fly can come in contact with the infected feces and the fly can
transfer the cysts to food and water. |
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Term
Giardia
GIARDIA LAMBLIA (GIARDIASIS) |
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Definition
a. Mode of transmission: water, especially mountain streams and lakes
b. Reservoir: beaver, deer, elk, man
c. Incubation period:
d. Symptoms: chronic diarrhea, attacks duodenum and gall bladder |
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Term
Cryptosopridium
CRYPTOSOPRIDIUM |
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Definition
COMMON NAME
Cryptosporidiosis.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A infective cyst called Crvptosporidium.
RESERVOIR
\ M)I\u.Nt- iQ utWf2.\ Nt \:;j~\ Nft'vTl at-!
.sTh'f ,,!l\1?l,e 1"0«... 1\ \'o~.b Utv\£ C ?--Io tJ\JoNnt?)
~L ~ COP\~;AA-,l-Ml ON
Man and other wild or domestic animals (beaver, deer and elk).
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Drinking contaminated water, especially from mountain streams and lakes. Localized outbreaks occur from contaminated water
sources. By the ingestion of cysts in fecal contaminated water and less often fecal contaminated food. Hand to mouth transfer of
cysts from the feces of infected individuals. Day-care centers are prevalent sources of the infection. Asymptomatic individuals have
a greater risk in transmitting the disease than symptomatic individuals. In certain conditions dependent upon the temperature, time,
pH and chlorine contact time, the giardia cyst may survive disinfection. May become prevalent in disaster situations where, the
water source is contaminated. Vehicle: Fresh water snails can be a source of the spread of giardia cysts in a local body of water.
SYMPTOMS
A protozoan infection principally of the upper small bowel. Often symptoms are asymptomatic but other intestinal symptoms such as
chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, frequent loose, pale greasy stools are accompanied by fatigue and weight loss. Attacks the
duodenum and gall bladder. Incubation period: Can range from 6 to 22 days.
FATALITY
Not considered a fatal infection.
CONTRO
Cryptosporidium cysts are resistant to normal chlorine disinfection.Can remain viable for 2-6 months. Waste water treatmen
process called coagulation can remove 90-95% of the parasites. The proper steps in hygiene must be controlled in institutions and
day cares where small children are cared for. The sanitary disposal of feces must be carefully monitored. The public water supplies
must be protected from contamination. Emergency water supplies should be boiled and then treated with chlorine or iodine. For chlorine, 4 to 5 drops of chlorine to a liter of water should be applied. For iodine, 0.5 ml per liter of water is recommended. The water should stand for at least 20 minutes before consumption. If the water temperature is cold, then the standing time period should be lengthened. |
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Term
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
GONYAULAX CATENELLA |
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Definition
COMMON NAME:
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (P.S.P., Mussel poisoning, red tide; algae: dinoflage"ate)
TOXIC AGENT
A toxin (Saxitoxin) is contained in a dinoflage"ate, Gonyaulax cantene"a and Gonyaulax tamarensis, which is considered one of
the most potent toxins known.
RESERVOIR
Dinoflage"ate, species Gonyaulax .
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Shellfish. Especia"y mussels and clams concentrate the toxin. Ingestion of toxic filter feeding mollusks such as mussels, clams and
other varieties of shellfish. This is considered a very severe form of food poisoning. Toxins are usually known to be elevated in
shellfish during the summer months which is between May 1 st through October 31 .
SYMPTOMS
Numbness around lips. Incoherent speech. Respiratory paralysis (neurotoxin). After the ingestion, the effects of poisoning can be
immediate. Prickly feel of the lips, tongue and finger tips followed by numbness are the first signs of intoxication. Difficulty in walking,
uncoordination, lightheadedness, dryness of the throat and mouth leads to increasing paralysis. Death from respiratory failure can
occur after ingesting the toxic shellfish from 2 to 12 hours. Gastrointestinal symptoms are rare but vomiting can occur in severe
poisonings. Incubation period: the toxins effect can range from 10 minutes to several hours.
FATALITY
In California, many recorded cases have the fatality rate of 15 to 17%. Although many mild or slight poisonings probably go
unreported that can alter this fatality rate figure. The incidence of PSP in humans are low but due to the toxic nature of the poison, it
is a signification public health problem.
CONTROL
To avoid the ingestion of a" Pacific coast shellfish during the expressed summer months. Mussels tend to collect the most toxins
and should be avoided altogether. Clams of certain localities can be quarantined if certain lab and field samples yield toxic mussels
nearby.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Common to mussels. Can be prevented by the prevention of algal blooms - possible use of copper sulfate (CuS04) as
a anti-algal agent.
2. Purging the shellfish in pure water for a period of 12 - 24 hours (Salvato: pg 589).
3. Quarantine months: May to September (Summer months). |
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Term
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Definition
A larval nematode (roundworm) that inflicts raw fish that can be transmitted to humans by ingesting inadequately cooked or raw fish
(sushi Can be prevented by cooking fish thoroughly (140°F for 10 minutes) or by adequate freezing -4°F for 5 days.
Raw fish, roundworm tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Taenia (Beef and pork tapeworm)
1. Mode of transmission: ingestion raw or inadequately cooked meat or by
fecal oral route
2. Reservoir: man |
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Term
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Definition
Ascaris (Roundworm)
1. Mode of transmission: feces to soil to oral route
2. Reservoir: man |
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Term
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Definition
COMMON NAME
Schistosomiasis or the blood fluke. Also known as "swimmer's itch" or skin dermatitis.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
Schistosoma mansoni.
RESERVOIR
Man is the primary reservoir but dogs, cats, pigs, cattle, water buffalo, horses, field mice and wild rats can harbor other varieties of
the organism.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The infection is acquired by water contaminated with the blood fluke larval forms which has developed in fresh water snails. The
eggs primarily leave the infected human by the urine and with other animals feces. The egg hatch in the water and develops into a
larvae and enters a suitable freshwater snail host. The larvae leaves the snail after a few weeks and then penetrates the skin of the
human host. RICE FIELD WORKERS are a good examples. They enter the blood stream and is carried to different parts of the human body organs. The eggs are deposited in the supporting tissues and veins and the eggs from the adult worm leaves through the urinary system or the feces.
Host: Freshwater snails.
SYMPTOMS
A blood fluke infection where the male and female adult worms which live in the membranes supporting the organs of the body.
They can live for a span of several years. Eggs deposited there can leave minute scars at the affected organs. Chronic infections
can be liver fibrosis and or a form of hypertension at the intestines. Other symptoms can cause intestinal obstruction, further
bacterial infection and possibly cause bladder cancer. Incubation period: is usually 4 to 6 weeks after infection. Eggs can be
discharged from the infected person ranging from 5 to 20 years.
FATALITY
A clear rate has not been established. Rather, death can result from secondary infections.
CONTROL
Proper hygiene and the disposal of human waste so as not to contaminate freshwater supplies. Proper irrigation and water
distributions systems must be implemented. Snail populations must be controlled. Avoid water contact of suspect areas or wear
adequate protection (gloves, rubber boots, etc.). Steps should be taken to avoid the skin entrance of the organism. Proper drinking
water and clothes washing must be conducted.
ADDITIONAL NOTES
1. Most common waterborne disease.
2. The disease can be acquired by eating vegetables from swampy water contaminated conditions (e.g., watercress). |
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Term
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Definition
COMMON NAME
Trichinosis.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
The larvae of the Trichinella spiralis, an intestinal roundworm.
RESERVOIR
Rats, swine, dogs, cats and other wild animals.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked infected flesh containing viable cysts. It develops in the small intestines and when the
roundworm matures, it mates. The female worm then pass the larvae which penetrate the intestinal wall, entering the lymph system
and then goes through the bloodstream throughout the body. The larvae cysts situates in the striated muscles.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms vary from person to person, can be mild to fatal. Usually fever, followed by redness of the eye lids are an early sign.
Infection can be in the inner eye, with retinal hemorrhages, pain and sensitivity to light. Diarrhea, muscle soreness, pain, thirst,
profuse sweating, chills and weakness can follow. Fever can be reoccurring and often high (up to 104°F) . Fever ends in about 3
weeks and respiratory and neurological symptom may appear in the 3rd to 6th week. Myocardial failure can occur in the 4th to 8th
week. Incubation Period ranges from 10 to 14 days.
FATALITY
Relatively low.
CONTROL
In most instances, all meat products, especially pork, should be cooked thoroughly at the recommended temperatures. Meats
should be cooked at 137°F (15 minutes) or higher (171°F) or until the pink meat is grey/white in color. The cysts can be destroyed by prolonged cold storage, but must be maintained at minus 13°F or lower for 10 days or longer. At zero degrees Fahrenheit, storage times should be 20 days or longer. Chemical treatment of the disease is most effective in the earlier stages of the disease. |
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Term
Necator
NECATOR AND ANCYCLOSTOMA (HOOKWORMS)
*more on page 105! |
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Definition
1. Mode of transmission: eggs in feces develop in soil then penetrate the skin, usually the bare foot
2. Reservoir: man
INFECTIOUS AGENT
There are two common varieties:
1. Ancylostoma duodenale, which commonly occurs in the Mediterranean countries and or sub-tropical areas of the world.
2. Necator american us, commonly found in the United States of America.
RESERVOIR
Man, an infected person discharging eggs in the feces. The feces must be deposited in moist, temperate soil due to poor sanitation.
Lrhe eggs are microscopic in the soil. In approximately 7 to 10 days, the eggs hatch into larvae. The victim (human) steps, barefoot,
in the general vicinity where the larvae thrive. The larvae bore into the skin of the foot. Red small sores start to appear at the foot.
An itching condition starts, the larvae enter the veins or lymph system. They migrate to the lungs and the worms enter the alveoli sacs. |
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Term
Hepatitis
INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS |
|
Definition
a. Mode of transmission through contact, water, milk and food
b. Reservoir is man
c. Incubation period: 15-50 days, commonly 25
d. Symptoms: fever, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, necrosis of liver |
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Term
Hepatitis
HEPATITIS A (INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS) |
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Definition
Of the two types of hepatitis, this is the milder form as far as symptom goes. The infectious agent is a virus and the reservoir can be
humans, chimpanzees and the fecal discharge and blood of infected individuals. The mode of transmission is the fecal oral route.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), an enterovirus.
RESERVOIR
Man and primates.
GROWTH FACTORS
Temperature Range: 98.6°F.
CHARACTERISTICS
A viral organism.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
f'eZA \,../ Of2.-P-; L.P-
W\1\UM~
'lA1'I0tt\ tJ fa t\1\-f'l D ~
(RI\V'l I R-8\tN 1\)ekl)
l{- ~ ~ - INLUe,·Af\cN ~·~Dt>
The common vehicle for the virus is water, milk, oysters and clams near a sewage outfall. The control of this disease is through
proper sanitary sewage di sposal, proper food sanitation and personal hygiene. The infection may be' caused through contact of
water, milk and food (fecal -oral route). Infectious dose: less than 100 viruses.
Vehicle: Common vehicle outbreaks have been traced to contaminated water and food. Examples are milk, meat, sandwiches,
salads and raw or under cooked clams, oysters and mussels. Host: Man.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms develop in stages; fatigue, abrupt onset with fever, headaches, malaise, nausea and abdominal discomfort, anorexia,
vomiting can occur. Within a few day's jaundice occurs (the yellowing of the skin and eyes), light colored stools, dark color urine,
necrosis of the liver (the virus afflicts the liver organ). A mild illness can last 1 to 2 weeks. During illness, victims is always tired.
Severe illnesses can last several months though rare. Convalescence to this disease is usually prolonged and is dependent upon
the age of the victim. Most recovery is made in 3 to 4 months.
Can be a severely disabling disease that can last for several months. Reports seem to indicate that the severity of the disease
increases as the person gets older. The older the patient is the longer it takes to recover. Children with mild cases may not exhibit
jaundice conditions and the only verification is by conducting liver function tests. Incubation period: 15 - 50 days, the average is 25
to 30 days.
FATALITY
Very low, approximately 1 per 1000 cases. 25,000 to 30,000 cases annually.
CONTROL
Good sanitation, and proper hygiene, thorough cooking of food, avoiding shellfish (raw oysters) from polluted sources are some
methods to prevent this disease. Although the chances of foreign travelers being exposed to viral hepatitis is low, travelers are
cautioned as to avoid potentially contaminated water and food. |
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Term
|
Definition
COMMON NAME
Serum Hepatitis
INFECTIOUS AGENT
(~~Ofli'lt' I &BV"~~)
Hepatitis Virus B (HBV). Disease obtained from blood products, transfusions and the sharing of dirty syringes (drug abuse). HBV is
not as infectious as Type A Hepatitis.
RESERVOIR
Man.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The infection occurs by precutaneous inoculations (enter inside the skin by some means such as a needle syringe or intravenous
(I.V.)) of human blood, plasma, serum or other blood products. Primarily transmitted by blood products and of infected hypodermic
needles. The primary reservoir is man and possibly chimpanzees.
The onset symptoms are abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting and finally progressing to jaundice. The severity of the disease
can range from non-detectable (only lab test results) to fatal cases with acute liver failure. Interestingly, children usually develop
milder conditions of the disease and the severity seems to increase with age. Method of controlling this disease is by careful
analysis of the blood products used in patients. Other prevention method is to curb the use of multiple hypodermic drug needles and
syringes.
SYMPTOMS
An insidious onset with nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort. Can be accompanied by rash with the development of jaundice.
Fever may be absent or mild. Severity can be asymptomatic unless a liver function test is performed. Incubation period: between 45
- 160 days. The average is between 60-90 days.
FATALITY
For hospitalized patients the fatality rate is approximately 1%.
CONTROL
Strict control of how used syringes and blood product containers l)hould be enforced. Proper education with drug abusers
should be conducted to avoid the multi-use of used syringe (hypodermic) needles. All blood products received from donors
must be thoroughly screened and tested at blood banks and hospitals. Tattooing the skin should use proper infection control and
disinfection methods. Medical treatment is adequate rest and a nutritious diet with inoculations of Hepatitis immune globulin (gamma globulin) with acute single exposures. |
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Term
Hepatitis
HEPATITIS C
(not on list..) |
|
Definition
COMMON NAME
(Serum Hepatitis)***
INFECTIOUS AGENT
Hepatitis Virus C (HCV). Disease obtained from blood products, transfusions and the sharing of dirty syringes (drug abuse). HBV is
not as infectious as Type A Hepatitis.
RESERVOIR
Man.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The infection occurs by precutaneous inoculations (enter inside the skin by some means such as a needle syringe or intravenous
(I.V.)) of human blood, plasma, serum or other blood products. Primarily transmitted by blood products and of infected hypodermic
needles. The primary reservoir is man and possibly chimpanzees.
The onset symptoms are abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting and finally progressing to jaundice. The severity of the disease
can range from non-detectable (only lab test results) to fatal cases with acute liver failure. Interestingly, children usually develop
milder conditions of the disease and the severity seems to increase with age. Method of controlling this disease is by careful
analysis of the blood products used in patients. Other prevention method is to curb the use of multiple hypodermic drug needles and
syringes.
SYMPTOMS
An insidious onset with nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort. Can be accompanied by rash with the development of jaundice.
Fever may be absent or mild. Severity can be asymptomatic unless a liver function test is performed. Incubation period: between 45
- 160 days. The average is between 60-90 days.
FATALITY
For hospitalized patients the fatality rate is approximately 1 %.
CONTROL
Strict control of how used syringes and blood product containers should be enforced. Proper education with drug abusers should be conducted to avoid the multi-use of used syringe (hypodermic) needles. All blood products received from donors
must be thoroughly screened and tested at blood banks and hospitals. Tattooing the skin should use proper infection control and
disinfection methods. Medical treatment is adequate rest and a nutritious diet with inoculations of Hepatitis immune globulin
(gamma globulin) with acute single exposures. |
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Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) |
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Definition
The disease was first discovered in 1970's but documented as
stinct syndrome in 1981. It is a severe bloodborne disease that can render a human bodies immune system and central nervous
system defenseless whereas a common opportunistic infections can become a fatal infection.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
The virus known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (H.I.V.).
RESERVOIR
Humans.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
In most cases, it is the infection of the virus from an infected person through the exposure, exchange of human body fluids such as
blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Sexual transmission, intravenous drugs use and infected blood transfusions are commonly cited cases of acquiring the virus.
SYMPTOMS
After becoming infected with the AI.D.S. virus, it can take the body to produce detectable antibodies between one to three months.
The antibodies produced is referred to as H.I.V. infected. This disease can stay dormant for a short time or a long time. An accurate
prediction when the latter stages of the disease (known as "A.I.D.S.") is unknown. It varies from person to person and their state of
the immune system. The persons health, diet, medication factors playa key role in avoiding the development of the AI.D.S. disease. Discouragingly, Red Cross reports indicate that over 80% of the cases of positive H.I.V. develop into the A.I.D.S. disease
with time. An infected person can develop a latter condition called AR.C. or AI.D.S. Related Complex, which can trigger an onset of
opportunistic infections which can possibly lead to the full blown A.I.D .S. disease. Late in the disease stage, the immune system suppressed, and the body will be open to common infections. Death commonly results from opportunistic infections such as
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or a rare cancer can develop known as Karposi sarcoma and other infections.
Incubation period: not clear, can be as early as one month to over a decade.
FATALITY
The fatality rate for most populations indigenous to the disease is between 80 to 90%.
CONTROL
Avoidance or controlling infected body fluids is one of the factors to control this disease. Sexual partners should be tested or known
to be free of the H.I.V. virus. Practicing safe sex can be another form of protection. Drug use with infected needles are another
leading cause of this disease. In the past there have been cases of blood transfusion, or coming into contact with infected blood has resulted in infections. However, as screen tests for blood continue to improve, cases of this type of infection is becoming rare. As for workers who may be in contact with body fluids such as Firemen, Police, and Health Practioners, infection control techniques must be developed, adopted, followed to prevent unnecessary infections. |
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Term
Encephalitis
EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS
(not on list..) |
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Definition
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A viral disease
RESERVOIR
While a true reservoir cannot be determined, it is known that birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, adult mosquitoes and man can be
a reservoir. The source of infection in man is infected mosquito eggs or biting adult mosquitoes. The Equine Encephalitis types can
be differentiated from tick borne diseases that are encephalitic in nature.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The bite of an infected Culiseta melanura mosquito. Mosquitoes usually acquire the infection from wild birds or rodents. Found in the
Eastern United States. Vehicle: The Culiseta m. mosquito species. ost: Humans and horses.
SYMPTOMS
Mild cases become viral meningitis. Severe infections usually exhibit symptoms of headache, high fever, stupor and disorientation,
tremors, occasional convulsions and paralysis in infants. Incubation for the disease is usually among 5 to 15 days.
FATALITY
The fatality ranges from 5 to 60% depending on the type of virus. Eastern Equine Encephalitis is more evident to have higher fatality
rates (up to 60%) for untreated cases.
CONTROL
Mosguito control is of the utmost importance Stagnant waters as well as large bodies of water should be located and surveyed for
infestation and breeding. The larvae and the adults must be eradicated in places suspected of the disease. More direct methods to
kill the rnosquitoes should be implemented such as space and residual spraying. All living quarters of suspected areas should be
screened and all residents should avoid unnecessary exposure to mosquitoes during peak biting times (twilight). Educate the public
to control this serious disease. Immunity to the disease is possible to populations suspect of the disease through mild and less
severe former infections. The most susceptible victims are children. There are vaccines for certain strains of the virus but for not for
all varieties. |
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Term
Encephalitis
ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS |
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Definition
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A viral disease.
RESERVOIR
While a true reservoir cannot be determined, it is known that birds, adult mosquitoes and man can be a reservoir. The source of infection in man is infected mosquito eggs or biting adult mosquitoes.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The bite of an infected Culex tarsalis and the Culex pipens mosquito. Mosquitoes usually acquire the infection from wild birds.
Vehicle: The Culex tarsalis or the Culex pipiens mosquito species. Host: Humans and horses.
SYMPTOMS
Mild cases become viral meningitis. Severe infections usually exhibit symptoms of headache, high fever, stupor and disorientation,
tremors, occasional convulsions and paralysis in infants. Incubation for the disease is usually between 5 to 15 days.
FATALITY
The fatality ranges from 5 to 60% depending on the type of virus. SI. Louis Encephalitis is more evident to have fatality rates up to
25% for untreated cases.
CONTROL
Mosquito control is of the utmost importance. The larvae and the adults should be eradicated in places suspected of the disease. More direct methods to kill the mosquitoes should be implemented such as space and residual spraying. All living quarters of suspected areas should be properly screened and all residents should take effective measures to protect themselves from mosquito bites in suspected areas. Educate the public to control this serious disease. |
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Term
Encephalitis
WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS |
|
Definition
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A viral disease
RESERVOIR
While a true reservoir cannot be exactly determined, it is known that birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, adult mosquitoes and man can be a reservoir. The source of infection in man can be from infected mosquito eggs or biting adult mosquitoes. The Equine
Encephalitis types should be differentiated from tick borne diseases that are encephalitic in nature.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The bite of an infected Culex tarsalis mosquito. Mosquitoes usually acquire the infection from wild birds or rodents. Found West of the Rockies in the United States.
Vehicle: The Culex tarsalis mosquito. Host: Humans and horses.
SYMPTOMS
Mild cases become viral meningitis. Severe infections usually exhibit symptoms of headache, high fever, stupor and disorientation,
tremors, occasional convulsions and paralysis in infants. Incubation for the disease is usually between 5 to 15 days.
FATALITY
The fatality ranges from 5 to 60% depending on the type of virus. Western Equine Encephalitis is more evident to have lower fatality
rates (3 to 5%) for untreated cases.
CONTROL
Mosquito control is of the utmost importance. The larvae and the adults should be eradicated in places suspected of the disease.
Educate the public to control this serious disease. Immunity to the disease is possible to populations suspect of the disease through
mild and less severe former infections. The most susceptible victims are children. |
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Term
Encephalitis
WEST NILE VIRUS
(REFER TO THE REHA DATA CD FOR MORE REFERENCE INFO.) |
|
Definition
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A viral disease
RESERVOIR
While a true reservoir cannot be exactly determined, it is known that birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, adult mosquitoes and man
can be a reservoir. The source of infection in man can be from infected mosquito eggs or biting adult mosquitoes. The Equine
Encephalitis types should be differentiated from tick borne diseases that are encephalitic in nature.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The bite of an infected Culex tarsalis mosquito. Mosquitoes usually acquire the infection from wild birds or rodents. Found West of
the Rockies in the United States Vehicle: The Culex tarsalis mosquito. Host: Humans and horses.
SYMPTOMS
Mild cases become viral meningitis. Severe infections usually exhibit symptoms of headache, high fever, stupor and disorientation,
tremors, occasional convulsions and paralysis in infants. Incubation for the disease is usually between 5 to 15 days.
FATALITY
The fatality ranges from 5 to 60% depending on the type of virus. Western Equine Encephalitis is more evident to have lower fatality
rates (3 to 5%) for untreated cases.
CONTROL
Mosquito control is of the utmost importance. The larvae and the adults should be eradicated in places suspected of the disease.
Educate the public to control this serious disease. Immunity to the disease is possible to populations suspect of the disease through
mild and less severe former infections. The most susceptible victims are children. |
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Term
|
Definition
This is a disease that causes inflammation of parts of the brain (meninges surrounding the brain and the spinal cord to inflame,
possibly causing pressure on the brain), here are 4 types that affect man:
1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
2. SI. Louis Encephalitis
3. Western Equine Encephalitis
4. West Nile Virus |
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Term
|
Definition
Hemorragic fever with renal syndrome is the disease that caused many deaths in 1993 in an Indian Reservation in the Southwestern part of the United States.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
The viru known as Hantavirus.
RESERVOIR
Field rodents. The infected deer mice was the vector implicated in the 1993 outbreak.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Aerosol transmission of rodent excreta The virus is present in the feces, urine and saliva of the infected rodent. Highest concentration of viruses are in the lungs. Disease is not transmitted person to person. Man is the incidental host of this disease.
SYMPTOMS
Abrupt onset of fever lasting 3-8 days accompanied by backache, headache, abdominal pain, anorexia and vomiting. The bloody discharge may appear from 3-6 days. Kidney disorder can occur mildly or severely and last for several weeks. The average incubation period is 12 - 16 days, the range can from 5-42 days.
FATALITY
The fatality rate for most populations indigenous to the disease is between 80 to 90%.
CONTROL
Effective rodent control. Take effective respiratory dust protection when working and cleaning in suspected areas. Rodent droppings and excretions can be disinfected with chlorine bleach. Avoid dusty conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
o Escherichia
o Salmonella
o Shigella
o Enterobacter
o Mycobacterium
o Staphylococcus
o Streptococcus
o Clostridium
o Vibrio
o Listeria
o Bacillus
o Yersinia
o Campylobacter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Aspergilla
o Stachybotrys
o Tinea
o Coccidioides |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Plasmodium
o Amoeba
o Giardia
o Toxoplasma
o Cryptosopridium
o Cyclospora
o Entamoeba |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Blue-green algae
o “Red tides”
o Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
(PSP) |
|
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Term
Helminthes, Nematodes, and
Trematodes |
|
Definition
o Anisakinae
o Ecinococcus
o Taenia
o Ascaris
o Schistosoma
o Trichinosis
o Necator |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Hepatitis A and B
o Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
o Norovirus
o Encephalitis
o Western equine virus
o St Louis virus
o West Nile virus
o Hantavirus
o Influenza
o Lyssavirus |
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