Term
| 2 main functions of the Immune System |
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Definition
| recognize and eliminate “foreignness” |
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Term
| 2 major complementary components |
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Definition
| Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| inherent immunity that is present before infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| immunity that develops in response to specific type of infection. |
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Term
| Is innate immunity non-specific or specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is adaptive immunity non-specific or specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| The immune system functions by distinguishing between what is “______” and what is “_________.” |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule recognized by the immune system as foreign |
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Term
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Definition
Physical & Mechanical Barriers
Blood (immune cells)
Lymphatic System
Primary Immune Structures
Secondary Immune Structures |
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Term
| Physical and Mechanical Barriers |
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Definition
Skin
Mucous membranes
Stomach acidity
Intestinal microbiota
Muco-ciliary escalator
Urinary structures |
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Term
| Where is the lymphatic system located? |
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Definition
| Anatomically intertwined with the blood & circulatory system |
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Term
| 3 parts of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
Lymph
Lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes |
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Term
| Primary Immune Structures (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
located in the center of long bones, is required for maturation of B lymphocytes
B cells secrete large quantities of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
located above heart, is required for precursor cells to mature into T lymphocytes
T cells recognize non-self antigens but do not secrete antibodies |
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Term
| Where do T cells come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do B cells come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Immune Structures (4) |
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Definition
Lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils and adenoids
peyer's patches (MALT) |
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Term
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Definition
Highly significant because they contain both B and T cells and are the site of antibody production
Lymph nodes also contain phagocytic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells), which destroy microbes and stimulate adaptive immune response
Almost all antigens end up in lymph or blood. Antigens are carried to lymph nodes, site of antibody production, i.e. Swollen nodes (armpits, groin, neck) indicate an active immune response to an infection |
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Term
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Definition
Spongy, fist-sized organ in upper left portion of abdominal cavity
Contains phagocytic cells and mature T and B cells |
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Term
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Definition
Located at the back of the throat, in front of the pharynx
Protect against microbes entering the nose and throat |
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Term
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Definition
Located in lining of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts
Protect against microbes entering through mucosal surfaces |
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Term
| Skin and mucous membranes act as a... |
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Definition
| physical and mechanical barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| found along respiratory tract and have ''upward'' motion, pushing microbes up to pharynx where they are swallowed |
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Term
| Phagocytosis (found where and function) |
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Definition
| a system of phagocytic cells in the blood and scattered throughout the body |
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Term
| Lysozymes (found where and function) |
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Definition
| found in tears, breaks down bacterial cell walls |
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Term
| Interferon (found where and function) |
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Definition
| found in blood, has antiviral properties |
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Term
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Definition
| many microbes are killed by strong acid environment |
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Term
| Professional Phagocytes (4) |
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Definition
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells |
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Term
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Definition
Early defense again invading microbes
Phagocytic cells recognize, ingest,
& kill invaders |
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Term
| Important nonspecific defense rxn to tissue injury, caused by a pathogen or wound |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling/edema (tumor), pain (dolor) & altered function (functio laesa) |
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Term
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Definition
| widens nearby capillaries that cause neutrophils to stick and migrate to site of injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytes are attracted in large numbers to the inflamed tissue; they migrate out of blood capillaries and phagocytize any microbes encountered, preventing or minimizing infection |
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Term
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Definition
Increases blood flow and capillary dilation brings more antimicrobial factors and leukocytes to destroy pathogens.
Blood leakage into tissue spaces increase temperature. This further inhibits microbial growth & stimulates inflammatory response.
Fibrin clots form that limit spread of invaders.
Phagocytes collect in area to phagocytose pathogen. Chemicals stimulate further leukocyte production. |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased iron availability |
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Term
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Definition
| increased iron availability |
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Term
| Does hypoferremia or hyperferremia enhance virulence of many microbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many serum proteins does the complement system have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies, or immunoglobulins provide what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the complement system innate or adaptive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Complement system enhances phagocytosis by doing what? |
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Definition
| tagging antigens for recognition by phagocytes |
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Term
| Complements (4) main functions |
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Definition
Enhances phagocytosis by tagging antigens for recognition by phagocytes
Punctures cell membranes to cause lysis of microbes
Enhances antibody response & immunological memory
Disposes of wastes from dead cells and inflammatory complexes |
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Term
| Cytokines are ____________ molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytokines are signaling molecules |
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Definition
| that act to alert other host cells of impending attack, triggers them to manufacture virus-blocking enzymes |
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Term
| Interferon (regulatory cytokines) |
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Definition
| that act interfere with viral replication. IFNs are released from virus-infected cells. |
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Term
| Complements main function |
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Definition
| Enhances binding of phagocyte to microbe |
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