Term
|
Definition
| The study of the occurance and spread of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of symbiotic relationships |
|
Definition
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One member benifits without significantly affecting the other member. |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis is an example of? |
|
Definition
Commensalism,
This bacteria may inhibit pathogenic mocrobes from colonizing on our skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The parasite benifits from the host while harming it. |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis is an example of? |
|
Definition
Parasitism
which lives in the human lungs |
|
|
Term
| A parasite that causes a disease is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an environment that is free of microbes |
|
|
Term
| How many bacteria live in the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microbes that colonize the body without causing disease |
|
|
Term
| Normal microbiota is sometimes called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of normal microbiota |
|
Definition
Resident microbiota
Transient microbiota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remain part of the normal microbiota of a person throught life |
|
|
Term
| Most resident microbiota are ? |
|
Definition
| commensal, they feed on excreted cellular waste and dead cells without causing harm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remain in the body for only a few hours, day or months before disappearing. |
|
|
Term
| An example of an axenic environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most resident microbiota are established during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal
microbiota to cause disease |
|
Definition
1. Immune suppression
2. Changes in the normal microbiota (changes in relative abundance of normal microbiota may allow opportunity for a member to thrive and cause disease)
3. Introduction of normal microbiota into sterile area of body (axenic environment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is when microbes may become harmful if the opportunity arises. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anything that supresses the body's immune system
disease, malnutrition, stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is microbial competition, when a new pathogen has to compete against resident pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Three types of reservoirs of infection in humans? |
|
Definition
Animal reservoirs
Human carriers
Nonliving reservoirs |
|
|
Term
| A reservoir of infection is |
|
Definition
| the site where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diseases that spread naturally from thier usual animal host to humans are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Yellow fever, anthrax, bubonic plague and rabies are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zoonoses infect humans by |
|
Definition
animal waste
eating animals
bloodsucking arthropods |
|
|
Term
| Typical dead end host for zoonotic pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of nonliving reservoir |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presense of microbes in or on the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A successful invasion of the body by a pathogen. An infection may or may not cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not a true portal of entry, step on nail, bug bite |
|
|
Term
| Hair follicles, sweat glands, and burrowing are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main portal of entry for pathogen is? |
|
Definition
| Muscous membrane, these line all body cavities that are open to the outside world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin membrane covering the surface of the eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which microorganisms attache themselves to cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized structures and attachment proteins |
|
|
Term
| Adhesion disk in protozoa and suckers and hooks in helminths are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adhesion factors such as surface lipoproteins and glycoprotein molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complementary receptors on host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attachement protein on a virus is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fimbriae, flagella and glycocalyces of many pathogenic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What determines specificity of pathogens |
|
Definition
| interaction of adhesins and receptors with chemicals on host cells |
|
|
Term
| A pathogen can evade the body's immune system and attack more than one type of cell by? |
|
Definition
| changing their adhesins, Plasmodium the cause of malaria can do this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bacteria or virus that has lost the ability to produce ligands and becomes harmless. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as mirbidity, is when a pathogen becomes so harmful it interferes with the normal function of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection is the invasion by a pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are characteristics of a disease than can be felt by the patient only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signs are objective manifistations of disease that can be observed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital diseases are diseases that are present at brith, regardless of cause (hereditary, environmental, or infectious) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the cause of a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease.
2. The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy host.
4. The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a microorganism to cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree of pathogenicity to cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of the pathogen to enter a host, adhere to host cells, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection or removal by the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| ectracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenic extracellular enzymes |
|
Definition
Hyaluraonidase digest hyaluronic acid the glue that holds animal cells together.
Collagenase breaks down collagen the body's chief structural protein.
Coagulase causes blood proteins to clot
Kinase digest blood clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are chemicals that either harm tissue or trigger host immune responses that cause damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exotoxins destroy host cells or interfere with host metabolism |
|
|
Term
Cytotoxin- kill host cells
Neurotoxins - interfere with nerve cell function
Enterotoxins - affect cell lining
are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body protects itself against exotoxins with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective molecules called antibodies that bind and neutralize specific toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are toxins that have been chemically treated to make them non toxic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a gram negative bacteria divides, dies naturally, or digested by phagocytic cell it releases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid A releases a chemical that causes |
|
Definition
| fever, inflamation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a phagocytic white blood cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are compsed of chemicals naturally found in the body, as a result they do not tritrigger the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| Some bacteria produce a chemical that prevents the fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic cells known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are chemicals that are capable of destroying phagocytic white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Five stages after infection |
|
Definition
incubation period
prodromal period
illness
decline
convalescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time between infection and the first symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short time of mild symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most severe stage of disease, signs and symptoms are most evident in this stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body gradually returns to normal, antibodies are peak during this stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pateint recovers and tissues are repaired |
|
|
Term
| Earwax, tears, nasal secretions, and saliva are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of disease can occur by? |
|
Definition
contact transmission
vehicle transmission
vector transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the spread of pathogens by direct contact, indirect contact, or respiratory droplets. |
|
|
Term
| Indirect contact transmission |
|
Definition
| is when pathogens are spread by fomites (inanimate objects) |
|
|
Term
| Contact transmission includes? |
|
Definition
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Droplet transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogen exits by exhaling, coughing, or sneezing. if the pathogen travels more than 1 meter it is respiratory tansmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is by air, drinking water, food and body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is by respiratory mucous membranes more than 1 meter, sneezing, coughing, AC, sweeping |
|
|
Term
| Vehicle transmissions include |
|
Definition
Airborne
Waterborne
Foodborne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are animals that transmit disease, either biological or mechanical |
|
|
Term
| Bitting anthropods are ...... vectors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| House flies and cockroaches are |
|
Definition
| Mechanical vectors, pathogens passively carried |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease that develops rapidly but last a short time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease that develops slowy and last a long time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogen remains inactive for a long period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that cones from another infected host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of NEW cases in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stable incidence in a given population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease occurs more than usual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An epidemic disease on more than one continent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| careful tabulation of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| investigates a disease in detail, probable cause, and mode of transmission |
|
|
Term
| Experimental epidemiology |
|
Definition
| testing a hypothesis concerning disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are aquired by patients while in health care facility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pathogen aquired from a health care facility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| noscomial infection caused by normal microbiota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a noscomial infection caused by a medical procedure |
|
|
Term
| Factors influencing noscomial infections |
|
Definition
1. pathogens present in health care facility
2. weakened immune system
3. transmission of pathogens from other patients |
|
|
