Term
Who developed the first useful compound microscope?
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Definition
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Term
Who applied the term "cell" to life's smallest units?
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Definition
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Term
Who discovered "animalcules" using a simple microscope
(single lens)?
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Definition
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Term
Who reported seeing Protozoa and Bacteria?
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Definition
van Leeuwenhoek
1674 and 1676 |
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Term
| Who used cowpox vaccination for smallpox? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed the cell theory? |
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Definition
Schwann and Schleiden
1838-1839 |
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Term
| Who showed that childbed fever is transmitted by doctors and introduced use of antiseptics to prevent disease? |
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Definition
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Term
What years are revered to as the Golden Age of Microbiology?
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Definition
1845-1910
because it became a science during this period |
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Term
| Who studied the epidemiology of cholera in London? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who showed that lactic acid fermentation is due to microbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the father of modern pathology? What is his slogan? |
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Definition
Vrchow
all cells come from cells |
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Term
| Who showed that micro-organisms do not arise via spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Pasteur disprove the theory of spontaneous generation of microorganisms? |
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Definition
1. Beef broth in a long-necked flask
2. Heated neck of flask to form a S-shaped curve and boil broth
3. Microorganisms did not appear after several months
4. Some original vessels are on display at Pasteur Institute in Paris, France uncontaminated |
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Term
| Who published work on antiseptic surgery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who demonstrated that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened of significance in 1881? |
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Definition
Koch (bacteria cultures from gelatin to agar gel) and
Pasteur(anthrax vaccine on agar gel)
They both were able to culture pure cultures. |
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Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
| Koch discovers tubercle bacillus in 1882 |
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Term
| What contributions did Koch make to bacterial science? |
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Definition
Occurred in 1882
1. Koch's postulates first published
2. Autoclave developed
3. Gram stain developed
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Term
| Who discovered the rabies vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered the Petri Dish? |
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Definition
Richard Petri (an assistant to Koch), 1887
** the dish is incubated upside-down with the agar facing down |
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Term
| What are Koch's Postulates? |
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Definition
1. Pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2. Pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. Hypothesized that the cultured pathogen should cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host
4. The same pathogen must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host |
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Term
| Who recognized that Archaea as a distinct group? |
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Definition
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Term
| Koch's Postulates on the Molecular Form? |
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Definition
1. Virulence trait is associate more with a pathogenic strain and a nonpathogenic strain.
2. Inactivation of the gene or genes associated with the suspected virulence trait should substaintially decrease pathogenicity.
3. Replacement of an inactivated virulence factor gene with the normal wild-type gene should fully restore pathogenicity
4. The gene should be expressed during infection and disease process
5. Antibodies or immune system cells directed against the gene products should protect the host |
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Term
| what are the relative sizes of worms, fungi& most protozoa, bacteria, and virus |
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Definition
worms:
fungi and most protozoa:
bacteria:
virus: |
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Term
| Describe a Dimophic Fungus |
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Definition
grows as a yeast when infecting fand
other times as a mold form when in the environment
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Term
| What are the membrane enclosed organelles in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
1. Nucleus (separate transcription from translation)
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
3. Golgi (modifiew membrane and secreted proteins and serves to direct various proteins to their final destination
4. Peroxisomes (contains various oxidases & catalase) various transport and secretory vesicales & vacuoles
5. Most secretion involves vesicular transport and exocytosis |
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Term
Eukaryotic Cell Structure:
what are the function of the following
1. Vesticular Transport
2. Lysosomes
3. Cytoplasmic Matrix
4. Mitochondria |
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Definition
Vesticular Transport: endocytosis and phagocytosis
lysosomes: breakdown macromolecules
cyctoplasmic matrix: glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway occurs
mitochondria: Krebs (TCA) cycle occurs in matrix, ETC and generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation using proteins embedded in linner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| what is the Sverberg number for Eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the subunits of eukaryote cell structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is contained in the the 40S subunit of the Eukaryote cell structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two organisms lack cell walls? |
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Definition
| Protozoa and animals cells |
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Term
| what organisms do have cell walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cell wall made up of? |
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Definition
| chitin which is a complex carbohydrate and often called cellulose (polymer of glucose) |
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Term
| How are things transported are the wall of a eukaryote cell structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the undulating motion of the the flagell and cillia in a eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| 9x2 +2 microtubules and a cilliary ATPase named ciliary dynenin |
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Term
| The location of the ribosome determines the destination of the protein. where does the protein end up if results from free ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| where will a protein end up if generated from ribosomes that are membrand bound? |
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Definition
1. Inserted into the membrane (transmembrane)
2. lumen of the ER for packaging for :
secretion
enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| Van Leeuwenhoek's Microscope |
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Term
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Definition
Match the choices:
nonpathogenic amobeba, a protozoan
nonpathogenic ciliated protozoan
pathogenic flagellated protozoan
pathogenic intracellular protozoan |
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Term
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Definition
why are the prokaryotes and eukaryotes stained differently:
staining works on gram + to be blue
gram - to be pink |
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Term
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Definition
| detected by blood collection or fecal specimens |
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Term
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Definition
rabies virus is the bullet
bacteriophage is the dark blue |
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Term
How are large molecules transported across the plasma membrane?
What are the requirements? |
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Definition
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Term
How are small molecules transported across the plasma membrane?
What does the picture look like? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Nuclear Envelope
2. Perinucler spore
3. Nuclear pore
4. Lysome
5. Mitochondrion
6. Centriole
7. Secretory vesicle
8. Golgi apparatus
9. Transport vesicles
10. Rough ER
11. Smooth ER
12. Cell membrane
13. Cytoskeleton
14. Ribosomes
15. Cilia
16. Nucleolus |
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Term
| what are the funtions of the membrane enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| 1.Nucleus:separates transcription from translation 2. ER (smooth) detox and ER (rough) protein synthesis 3. Golgi: modifies membrane and secreted proteins and serves to direct proteins to final destination 4. Peroxisomes: secretory vesicles and vacuoles: MOST SECRETION INVOLVES VESICLAR TRANSPORT AND EXOCYTOSIS5. 5. uptake of large molecules require vesicular transport endocytosis and phagocytosis6. glycocylsis and pentose phosphat occurs in cytoplasmic matrix |
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Term
| Describe the difference in movement of prokaryotic and eukaryotic movement. |
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Definition
| the flagella and cilia move in an undulating fashion due to sliding between microtubules within their interior and the energy is from ATP to power the dynein (motor protein) |
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Term
| Name 3 characteristics of the eukaryotic cell structure. |
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Definition
Protozoal and animal cells lack cell walls
Fungal algal and plant cell have cell walls
fungal (chitin)
algae and plant (cellulose) |
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Term
| What is a major difference between the peptidoglycan of gram negative and postive bacteria? Name a gram negative and gram positive bacteria. |
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Definition
Pentaglycine
gram negative: Escherichia coli
gram positive: staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| What is DAP? What is unique about it? What is its function? |
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Definition
DAP (diaminopimelic acid)
examples are L-lysine or diaminopimelic acid
Needed in 3rd position to form cross-linking with 4th postion D-alanine |
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Term
| What is located in the 4th position of Bacterial Peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
| D-alanine D-alanine dipeptide and is used for cross linking via a transpeptidation reaction and the 5th position D-alanine is released on cross-linking |
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Term
| What is a significant difference in the Peptidoglycan of gram negative and positive? |
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Definition
| Pentaglycine Interbridge in gram positive s. aureus is ADDITIONAL to crossbridge in gram negative |
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Term
| Describe the cell structure of a gram negative bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
The discoveries of these scientist:
Janseen, Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek
occurred in what time frame? |
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Definition
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Term
The discoveries of these scientist:
Jenner, Schwann and Schleiden, Semmelweis
occurred in what time frame? |
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Definition
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Term
The discoveries of these scientist:
Snow, Pasteur, Virchow (Nuemonic VSP)
occurred in what time frame? |
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Definition
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Term
The discoveries of these scientist:
Lister, Miescher, Koch (MLK)
occurred in what time frame? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aerobic, Gram Positive Cocci, and Catalase Postive |
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Definition
| Micrococcus and Staphylococcus |
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Term
| Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci, catalase negative |
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Definition
| enterococcus and Streptococcus |
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Term
| Aerobic, Gram-Positive Rods |
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Definition
| Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Listeria |
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Term
| Aerobic, Gram-Positive Rods with mycolic acids in their cell walls |
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Definition
| Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Mycobacterium |
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Term
| Aerobic, gram-negative cocci, and coccobacilli |
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Definition
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Term
| Aerobic, Gram-Negative Rods |
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Definition
| Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Yersinia), Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Pasteurella |
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Term
| Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci |
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Definition
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Term
| anaerobic Gram-Positive rods |
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Definition
| acinomyces, clostridium, Propionibacterium |
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Term
| Anaerobic Gram-negative rods |
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Definition
| Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, prevotella |
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Term
| Indeterminate with regard to gram staining |
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Definition
| Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, borrelia, treponema, chlamydia, coxiella, reckettsia |
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