Term
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Definition
| Prebiotics are the preferential food for friendly beneficial bacteria colonizing the digestive track: Colonic Food |
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Term
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Definition
Fructooligosaccharide (aka oligofructose, plants)
Isomaltooligosaccharide (corn, wheat)
Xylooligosaccharide
Inulin – in group of dietary fibers known as fructans
(wheat, banana, onions, garlic, leek)
Fiber
Oligmate
Palatinose (Isomaltulose) in honey
Pyrodextrin
Raftiline |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of one or more probiotics and prebiotics |
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Term
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Definition
Substances or supplements administered to obtain a specific result “beyond those of regular nutrition.”
Also called “nutriceuticals” or biotherapeutics” |
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Term
| Criteria for eligibility as Prebiotic |
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Definition
Resistance to gastric acidity, to hydrolysis by mammalian enzymes, and to gastrointestinal absorption
2) Selective stimulation of the growth and / or activity of those intestinal bacteria that contribute to health and well-being
3) Fermentation by intestinal microflora; to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and gas
4) Induce luminal or systemic beneficial effects |
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Term
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Definition
Non-digestible food supplements or ingredients
Not absorbed or degraded
Alter the balance of intestinal flora (microorganisms)
Act as substrates that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
Non-pathogenic live microbial food supplements
Live organisms that benefit the host animal by improving intestinal microbial balance |
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Term
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Definition
Gut Wall
Intestinal
Microflora
Gastro Intestinal Secretions |
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Term
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Definition
Lactobacilli – anerobic, gram (+) rods
L. Casei, L. Plantarum
L. acidophilus, L. reuteri
Bifidobacteria – anerobic, gram (+) rods |
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Term
| Intestinal Flora Functions: |
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Definition
Protects the host
Stimulates immune function
Produces antimicrobial substances
Trophic effect on intestinal epithelium
Maintains the enterohepatic (liver to intestine) circulation of bile acids
Involved in metabolic processes (i.e., fermentation) in the colon |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship with the host |
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Term
| Intestinal Microflora: Location & Prevalence |
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Definition
Rare in the esophagus
Uncommon in the stomach |
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Term
| number of flora in the jejunum |
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Definition
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Term
| number of flora in the colon |
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Definition
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Term
| Formation & Maintenance of Gut Flora (Microbiota) |
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Definition
Genetic factors
Age
Gender
Mother’s microbiology
Mode of delivery
Feeding practices
Breast-fed – Bifidobacterium
Bottle-fed - Lactobacillus
Co-morbid conditions
Medications
Diet |
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Term
| Human fecal flora Aerobic organisms |
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Definition
E. coli
Enterococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp. |
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Term
| Human fecal flora anaerobic organisms |
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Definition
Anaerobic cocci
Bacteroides sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Bifidobacterium sp.
Lactobacillus sp. |
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Term
| Conditions that can disrupt normal gut flora |
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Definition
Medications
Antibiotics
Surgery
Radiation
Diet
Co-morbid diseases
Crohn’s - at type of inflammatory bowel disease
Sclerodermais - a chronic systemic autoimmunce disease |
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Term
| intestine ecological barrier |
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Definition
| normal inhabitant flora within intestine |
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Term
| intestine Mechanical barrier |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secretory IgA, intraepithelial lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal microbial colonization of the intestine Quantity and Quality of flora become Pathological & Harmful. |
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Term
| Key Properties of Probiotics |
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Definition
Bacteria of human origin
Safe to use in large amounts in clinical practice
Resist secretions of the upper GI tract
Survive passage through the GI tract
Adhere to human intestinal cells |
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Term
| Key properties of Probiotics |
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Definition
Able to colonize the lumen of the GI tract
Help to promote the cells against invasion by pathogens
Produce antimicrobial substances
Hydrogen peroxide
Organic acids
Bacteriocins (bacterial static compounds)
Antagonize carcinogenic and pathogenic flora |
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Term
| Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) |
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Definition
| the products of colonic bacterial degradation of unabsorbed starch and non-starch polysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate and Lactic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
the preferred energy substrate for the colonocyte
provides fuel (nutrition) for ileal (the final section of the small intestine) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases colonic blood flow and enhances ileal motility |
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Term
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Definition
contractions of the
Ileum (the final section of the small intestine) |
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Term
| Probiotics: Potential Uses |
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Definition
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Infectious diarrhea in children (i.e., rotavirus)
Traveler’s diarrhea
Antibiotic associated diarrhea
Clostridium difficile |
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Term
| Virulence as a process is |
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Definition
| MULTIFACTORIAL, MULTIDIMENSIONAL |
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Term
| Common bacteria found in the normal flora |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides and Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudmonas aeruginosa |
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Term
| We are constantly also exposed to bacteria from: |
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Definition
air,
water
soil
food
other animals etc… |
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Term
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Definition
| hospital-acquired infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Steps in successful infection |
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Definition
Sex comes before disease
acquire virulence genes
Sense environment
and Switch virulence genes on and off
Swim to site of infection
Stick to site of infection
Scavenge nutrients
especially iron
Survive stress
Stealth
avoid immune system
Strike-back
damage host tissues
Subvert
host cell cytoskeletal and signalling pathways
Spread
through cells and organs
Scatter |
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Term
| Bacteria have three ways of exchanging DNA |
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Definition
Transformation
cells take up naked DNA
Transduction
phages carry DNA
Conjugation
cells mate through specialised appendages |
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Term
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Definition
| acquiring virulence genes |
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Term
| Bacterial Sex Mobile genetic elements |
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Definition
Transposons
ST enterotoxin genes
Virulence Plasmids
e.g. TTSSs in Shigella, Yersinia; toxins in Salmonella, E. coli, anthrax
Phage-encoded virulence
e.g. botulinum toxins, diphtheria toxin, shiga-like toxin (linked to lysis), staphylococcal toxins, TTSS substrates in Salmonella. |
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Term
| Common adherence mechanisms |
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Definition
Capsules and slime
Biofilm formation (multicellular organism) |
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Term
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Definition
| microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule |
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Term
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Definition
Fimbriae, Afimbrial adhesins
Outer Membrane Proteins
Types III-IV secretion systems |
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Term
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Definition
| chelate available iron & transport it into bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Acid stress within stomach
Heat shock during fever
Oxidative stress within phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pyrogenicity – fever producing
Leucopenia then leucocytosis – high white blood cell count
Hypotension
“Gram-negative Shock”
Life-threatening complication of septicaemia
e.g. in meningococcal infection, in oncology patients
Endotoxic shock seen with dirty intravenous equipment |
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Term
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Definition
| degrade components of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| are communities of microorganisms in a matrix that joins them together and to living or inert substrates |
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Term
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Definition
| to form columns and mushroom like projections that are separated by water-filled channels |
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Term
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Definition
| form a skin or pellicle at the air- liquid interface – shows organization of cells with the matrix at the outside |
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Term
| Steps in biofilm formation |
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Definition
Initiation of biofilm formation – interaction of cells with a surface or with each other
Films aggregate
Then the cells form an extracellular matrix
Structure of biofilms are dramatically different due to the specific organisms in the film and environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| components of the matrix are extracellular polysaccharides and proteins |
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Term
| Confocal scanning laser microscopy |
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Definition
Allows visualization of hydrated state
3D reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
antiobiotic resistant
containing 1 or more microbial species
Protection from physical injury
Promote horizontal gene transfer
Enhance cell-cell communication |
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Term
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Definition
Intermicrobe communication
Signaling (language) system that allows bacteria to sense cell density |
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Term
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Definition
Bacterial population can coordinately control gene expression of entire community
Allows bacteria to act as multicellular organisms
Allow bacteria to obtain nutrients from breakdown of complex polymers
Keep bacteria invisible to host defenses until enough bacteria present to overwhelm host |
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Term
| Virulence determinants of B. burgdorferi |
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Definition
Motility
Manganese transporter (BmtA)
Outer-surface protein A (OspA)
Surface-located membrane protein 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks |
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Term
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Definition
Long, corkscrew-shaped Gram-negative bacteria
arrangement of axial filaments that run lengthways between cell wall and outer membrane allow movement by rotation |
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Term
| Pathogenic species of Borrelia: |
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Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi; Bb (US)
- Borrelia afzelii (Asia / Europe
- Borrelia garinii |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of lyme |
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Definition
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