Term
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Definition
| form of inclusion body/ has lots of amino acids and polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| form of inclusion body/ for CO2 fixers, has rubisco |
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Term
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Definition
| form of inclusion body/ buoyancy regulation, helps achieve proper height |
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Term
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Definition
| form of inclusion body (inorganic)/ energy source |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Things that the plasma membrane does... (6) |
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Definition
| photosynthesis, electron transport chain, selectively permeable membrane, respiration, lipid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the shape of the cell, prevents bursting, controls toxicity |
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Term
| What color do Gram positives/negatives stain? |
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Definition
| (-) stains purple / (+) stains pink |
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Term
| What formation are peptidoglycans in and why? |
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Definition
| amino acids are in D, this helps prevent degredation |
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Term
| Which bacteria primarily uses the peptide interbridge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are teichoic acids, and what is their function? |
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Definition
| They are polymers of glycerol or ribitol, joined by phosphate groups or connected covalently. They give a negative charge, retaining water. |
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Term
| What is Braun's lipoprotein, and what is it associated with? |
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Definition
| The most abundant protein in the outer membrane, it links the outer membrane and peptidoglycan later (in G(-)) |
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Term
| What makes up lipopolysaccharides? |
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Definition
| lipid A/ a core polysaccharide/ an O-side chain |
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Term
| What is the major pathway for transporting proteins across the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do all protein sec. pathways require? |
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Definition
| energy (either ATP or GTP) |
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Term
| Which transporter is known as ABC, and in which type of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Type 1, Atp Binding Casette, G(-) |
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Term
| Which pathway is related to virulance, and which bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a well organized layer outside of the cell wall |
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Term
| What can a capsule be made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do capsules prevent? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do capsules affect contact? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do capsules help protect bacteria? |
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Definition
| they prevent viral attacks, also dehydration |
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Term
| What is a fimbrae, and what is it useful for? |
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Definition
| helps G(-) bacteria attach to surfaces, helps with gliding |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein appendage used for conjugation |
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Term
| What are the different types of flagella? |
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Definition
| Monotrichous (1), Ampitricous (2 polar), Lophotricous (2+ polar), Peritrichous (all around) |
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Term
| What are 6 sources of carbon? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, amino acids, decaying matter, aromatic rings, alcohols, hydrocarbons |
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Term
| What is a xenobiotic compound? |
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Definition
| One that uses CO2 as a carbon source |
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Term
| What environment can prototrophs live in? |
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Definition
| one without growth factors (amino acids, purienes and pyridines, viramins) such as an alpine lake |
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Term
| What enviornment do auxotrophs live in? |
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Definition
| one where growth factors are provided (such as in a host) |
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Term
| What are (2) nutritional suffixes of carbon source utilizing organisms |
|
Definition
Organic source- hetero
CO2 (inorganic) source - auto |
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Term
| What are (2) nutritional prefixes of energy source utilizing organisms |
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Definition
| phototrophs, chemotrophs (oxidation of organiic material) |
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Term
| What are (2) nutritional prefixes of electron source utilizing organisms |
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Definition
| litho (from Fe, S, H2, nirtrates) or organotrophs (from an organic source) |
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Term
| Term the organism: Co2 carbon source / light energy source / inorganic e- donor |
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Definition
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Term
| Term the organism: organic C or CO2 / light energy source / organic e- donor |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Term the organism: CO2 carbon source / inorganic chemical energy source / inorganic e- donor |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Term the organism: organic or CO2 carbon source / inorganic chemical energy source / inorganic e- donor |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Term the organism: organic carbon source / organic chemical energy source / organic e- donor |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| low molecular weight binding organic molecule that helps supply Fe+3 (ferric ions) to the cell |
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Term
| List all the oxygen-bacteria relationships, indicate SOD/enzyme |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What things are used to combat reactive oxygen, and how so?? |
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Definition
| superoxide dismutase (converts superoxide radical to O2 and H2O2 / Catalase (turns peroxide and oxygen into water) / Peroxidase (converts H2O2 to H2O) |
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Term
| What are the phases of bacterial growth? |
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Definition
| lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase |
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|
Term
| What must be present before a biofilm can form? |
|
Definition
| substratum, a thing that bacteria can bind to |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that cells swim toward |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein for attractants, methylation is more favorable when attractant is bound |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sensor kinase that autophosphorylates, this autophophorylation is blocked when an attractant is bound to the MCP |
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Term
| What is the function of CheY? |
|
Definition
| a response regulator, it is phosphorylated by CheA, which switches the flagellar protein to the opposite direction (clockwise) |
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|
Term
| What is the function of CheZ? |
|
Definition
| dephosphorylates, resets CheY, makes the flagella go back to counter clockwise |
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|
Term
| What is the function of CheR? |
|
Definition
| methylation, keeps the bacteria on it's path |
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|
Term
| What is the function of CheB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the field of microbiology in terms of the size of its subject matter and and nature of its techniques. |
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Definition
| Usually smaller than the eye can see (>1 mm). Techniques involve microscopes, cultering bacteria, and classifying them |
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Term
| Describe and contrast procaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| procaryotes are simpler in morphology, lack a true membrane bound nucleus. eukaryotes have a membrane-enclosed nucleus, are larger and more complex |
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Term
| Compare the 5 kingdom system and the 3 domain system |
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Definition
| 5 kingdom system was too simple, the 3 domain system classifies microorganisms as bacteria, archea, and eucarya |
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Term
| Why was the belief in spontaneous generation an obstacle to the development of microbiology as a scientific discipline? |
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Definition
| If something is spontaneous then it can't be reasonably explained with science |
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Term
| What were the contributions of Lister, Pasteur, and Koch? |
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Definition
| Lister - antiseptic surgery via flame sterilization and phenol use / Pastuer - Pasteurization / Koch - dealth with anthrax, came up with the Koch postulates... first started using pure culture plates with agar |
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Term
| Describe Koch's postulates, what is a pure culture? Why are they important to his postulates? |
|
Definition
| Microorganisms are uniform and consistent in their affect. Suspected microorganisms must be raised in pure culture. Pure culture is an ideal controlled environment for bacteria to grow, usually only one type. They are important because it keeps everything consistent |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Compare and contrast bacterial and archaeal membranes. |
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Definition
| Archea have cells wall that lack peptidoglycan, use fatty acid lipids, ether linkages, resembles eukaryotes. bacteria cell membrane contains ester bonds; cell wall made of peptidoglycan; have only one RNA polymerase; react to antibiotics in a different way than archea do. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the bacterial endospore |
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Definition
| Core wall, cortex, spore coat, exosporium |
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Term
| Briefly describe endospore formation and germination. Which bacteria does this? What is the importance of the endospore? What might account for its heat resistance? |
|
Definition
| The DNA is replicated and a membrane wall known as a spore septum begins to form between it and the rest of the cell. The plasma membrane of the cell surrounds this wall and pinches off to leave a double membrane around the DNA, and the developing structure is now known as a forespore. Calcium dipicolinate is incorporated into the forespore during this time. Next the peptidoglycan cortex forms between the two layers and the bacterium adds a spore coat to the outside of the forespore. Only in G(+) In germination, the spore coat ruptures and metabolic activity increases. Dipicolonic acid aides in heat resistance |
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Term
| How might one go about showing that a bacterium forms true endospores? |
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Definition
| subjecting the bacteria to a low-nutrient environment and seeing how it responds |
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Term
| How do organisms adapt to hypotonic and hypertonic enviornments? What is plasmolysis? |
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Definition
| Membrane channels, inclusion bodies. Plasomolysis is when the cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall, causing it it metabolically inactive |
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|
Term
| Define water activity and briefly describe how it can be determined? |
|
Definition
| 1/100 the relative humidity of the solution, aka the relative humidity at equilibrium. |
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Term
| Why does the growth rate rise with increasing temperature and then fall again at higher temperatures? |
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Definition
| there is an optimal temperature for certain enzymes, bilayers may solidify/melt |
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Term
| What are the approimal optimal growth temperatures for: psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hypermophiles? |
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Definition
| 0-15, 20-30, 20-45, 55+, 90+ |
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Term
| What metabolic and structural adaptations for extreme temperatures do psychrophiles and thermophiles have? |
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Definition
| Psychrophiles have high levels of unsaturated fatty acids which maintains fluidity. Thermophiles have heat stabilization enzymes, stable hydrophobic interiors, more bonds, and histone-stabalized DNA |
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|
Term
| Define: sterilization, sterilant, disinfection, disinfectant, sanitization, antisepsis, antiseptic, chemotherapy, germicide, bactericide, bacteriostatic |
|
Definition
Define: sterilization - all living cells destroyed, sterilant - chemical a
gent of sterilization, disinfection - killing microorganisms that cause disease, disinfectant - agents that carry out disinfection, sanitization - lowers health risk to public standards, antisepsis - prevention of infection, antiseptic - agent that prevents infection, chemotherapy - use of chemical agents to kill microorganisms within a host tissue, germicide - kills pathogens, bactericide - , bacteriostatic - prevent bacterial growth |
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|
Term
| What are the 6 factors dealing with the rate of antimicrobial success |
|
Definition
| population size, population composition, concentration, duration of exposure, temperature, local environment |
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|
Term
| How does an autoclave/pasteurization work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of inclusion body/ contains PHB molecules joined by ester bonds |
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|
Term
| What is the result from the influenza virus? |
|
Definition
| death of epithelial cells of airway |
|
|
Term
| What does hemagglutinin do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does neuraminidase do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between antigenetic drift and antigenetic shift? |
|
Definition
| drift is a small variation that allows the virus to avoid the host's immunity system, shift is a large change due to genomic re-assortment (resulting in an a strain) |
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Term
| What is the difference between an epidemic, pandemic, and endemic? |
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Definition
| Epidemic is a sudden increase in occurance of disease above an expected level, pandemic is a global epidemic, endemic is the maintenance of a disease at a low steady level with regular intervals |
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|
Term
| How do you calculate morbidity rate/ mortality rate? |
|
Definition
| Morbidity rate = occurances of disease/population ... mortality rate = # of deaths due to a disease / # of individuals infected |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 stages of an infectious disease? |
|
Definition
| Incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of epidemic curves? |
|
Definition
| common-source (such as food poisoning) or propegated (such as strep throat) |
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Term
| What is the difference between an active carrier, convalescent carrier, healthy carrier, and incubatory carrier? |
|
Definition
| One that has the condition/ one that has recovered from the condition / one that has the pathogen but is not sick / one that has the pathogen but isn't sick yet |
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|
Term
| What is a nosocominal infection? |
|
Definition
| An infection that is acquired in a hospital |
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|
Term
| What is an autogenous infection? |
|
Definition
| An infection caused by the paitent's own bacteria |
|
|
Term
| S&T: What is splenomeglea? |
|
Definition
| an enlargement of the spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |
|
|
Term
| S&T: Why does EBV have RNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
| the host cell doesn't have it |
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|
Term
| S&T: What is a probiotic? |
|
Definition
| bacteria that is beneficiary to the host |
|
|
Term
| S&T: What are some diseases that are prevented by probiotics? |
|
Definition
| yeast infection, diarreah, IBS, eczema, bladder cancer |
|
|
Term
| S&T: What is the cause of pink-eye? |
|
Definition
| bacteria, viruses, allergens |
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|
Term
| S&T: How does pink-eye diagnosis contribute to bacterial resistance? |
|
Definition
| Bad Px for a viral infection |
|
|
Term
| S&T: How can Dengue Fever be prevented? |
|
Definition
| Eradicate mosquitoes, use of DEET, minimize stagnant water |
|
|
Term
| S&T: How is Dengue Fever contracted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S&T: How does the mantoux test work? |
|
Definition
| If you have TB, your hypersensitive T-cells will react with injected proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, hard nodules composed of bacteria (extroding) |
|
|
Term
| S&T: What is gastric mucousa? |
|
Definition
| A protective mucus layer in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| S&T: How do Heliobacter Vylori survive in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| By feeding off dead cells from the body's immunity response |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S&T: What is the hemolyte activity of S. Pyro? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S&T: What is a key trait that hemolysis shows on a blood-agar plate? |
|
Definition
| A clear halo around colonies |
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|
Term
| S&T: What is an allergic reaction? |
|
Definition
| Body's immune response to any allergen causing overactivation of white blood cells |
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|
Term
| S&T: What are some common allergens? |
|
Definition
| dust mites, pet dancer, polled, and spores |
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