Term
|
Definition
| the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism. |
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Term
| bacterial vs eukaryotic genome |
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Definition
Eukaryotic- diploid, has nucleus, multiple chromosomes, linear and sequestered membrane bound nucleus, DNA associated with histone proteins.
prokaryotic- single circular chromosome, no membrane bound nucleus, plasmids in cytoplasm, |
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Term
| prokaryotic vs eukaryotic chromosom + clinical application |
|
Definition
prokaryotic- 70s ribosome (from 50s and 30s subunits)
Eukaryotic- 80s ribosome (from 60s and 40s subunit)
antibiotics will target prokaryotic ribosomes due to them being different sizes. allows for eukaryotic cells to remain undamaged from treatment. |
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Term
| what is a plasmid, groups of organisms with plasmids |
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Definition
a plasmid is a small DNA loop independent of the chromosome that is not essential for metabolism or growth.
found mostly in bacteria, but sometimes in archaeans |
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Term
| plasmid type, (f) factor (f+, f-) |
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Definition
fertility factor
allows for conjugation
F+ is a cell with f factor, f- is recipient |
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Term
|
Definition
resistance factor
codes for resistance to antibiotics, ex plasmid that allows a bacteria to survive contact with penicillin |
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Term
| plasmid type, virulence factor |
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Definition
any plasmid making a cell more pathogenic
exe. plasmid for fimbrae, toxins, or capsules |
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Term
| plasmid type, Bacterial factor |
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Definition
| plasmid that a codes for production of an endotoxin (kills surrounding cells) |
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Term
| plasmid type, cryptic plasmids |
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Definition
| any plasmid with an unknown function |
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Term
| mutagen, Ionizing radiation |
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Definition
induces breaks in chromosomes, production of free radicals
from x-rays and gamma-rays |
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Term
| mutagen, non-ionizing raditaion |
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Definition
causes pyrimidime dimers (usually thymine dimers) in which the hydrogen bond between nucleotides is destroyed and side by side nucleotides bond causing bulge in DNA
from uv light |
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Term
| mutagen, chemicle, nucletide analogs |
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Definition
| disrupts DNA and RNA replication and causes base-pair substitution. (missense, nonsense, and silent mutations) |
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Term
|
Definition
1-3 nucleotides in a codon have been changed to a codon for a different protein but is not a stop codon
exe codon aag changed to acg |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotides in codon have been changes from protein synthesis into a stop codon |
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Term
|
Definition
| nucleotide in codon changed but still codes for the same protein |
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Term
| mutagen, chemical, what is an analog? |
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Definition
| a fake nucleotide with different atoms than the normal nucleotide which causes a different base pair during dan replication |
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Term
| mutagen, chemical, nucleotide altering chemical |
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Definition
results in base pair substitution, changes nucleotide. i.e. c changed to t
exe of a Nac, aflotoxins |
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Term
| mutagen, chemical, frameshift mutation |
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Definition
| chemical has inserted an extra nucleotide or removed a nucleotide in the DNA chain. causes all nucleotides to be shifted down and codons are different. results in nonsense, missence, or silent mutations in each codon. |
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Term
| vertical gene transfer vs horizontal gene transfer |
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Definition
vertical-organisms replicate their genome and provide copies to descendants
horizontal- donor cell contributes part or all of its genome to recipient cell (is not always direct) |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduction in # of viruses and microorganisms, particularly pathogens, on living tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants |
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Term
|
Definition
| suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of microbes by mechanical means |
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Term
|
Definition
| destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on nonliving tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the heating and reheating of foods/beverages in order to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards |
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Term
|
Definition
| sufixes indicating inhibition, nut not complete destruction of a type of microbe |
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Term
|
Definition
| destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object |
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Term
| criteria for an ideal microbial agent |
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Definition
| inexpensive, fast acting, stable for storage, capable of controlling growth and is harmless to humans/animals, |
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Term
| factors affecting efficacy of microbial agents |
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Definition
site to be treated- harsh/extreme chemicals can't be used on everything, internal vs external
environment- more effecting when warmer, whether biofilms/ organic material present
susceptibility of m/o- required strength for germicide (separate card)
concentration- higher= more potent (exception, 70% alcohol)
exposure time- short period= disinfectant (spray/wipe) long period = sterilization (10 hours) |
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Term
| factors affecting efficacy of microbial agents, germicide strengths |
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Definition
High- kills all pathogens including endospores
Intermediate- kills fungal spores, protozoan cysts, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria
Low- kills vegetative bacteria, fungi, protozoans, some viruses (only enveloped viruses) |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, heat |
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Definition
| denatures protein, interferes with cell integrity |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, moist heat |
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Definition
disinfects, sanitizes, and sterilizes
denatures protein and destroys membrane
more effective than dry heat |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, moist heat examples |
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Definition
boiling- only disinfection endospores/cysts survive
autoclaving- pressurized water boiling, 15 min sterilization
pasteurization- for milk/juice, does not sterilize
ultra-high-temp sterilization- 140 degree celsius for 1 second, then rapid cooling |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, dry heat |
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Definition
for materials that can't be autoclaved, requires higher temps for a longer time
incineration is the ultimate sterilizer |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, refrigeration |
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Definition
does not kill
decreases microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction
halts growth of mesophiles (listeria and Yersinia can live in a fridge)
slow freezing is more effective than quick freezing |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, desiccation and |
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Definition
| drying inhibits growth due to h2O loss  drying causes sugar content to raise causing hypertonic environment where bacteria can't live |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, osmotic pressure |
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Definition
Hypertonic solutions inhibit growth (high sugar/salt content)
but fungi have a higher ability to live in hypertonic environment and thus can still grow |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, radiation, ionizing |
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Definition
wavelengths are shorter than 1 nm
creates free radicals and ions
electron beams-effective on surfaces but can't penetrate
gamma rays- penetrate well, but require hours to kill |
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Term
| microbial control, physical, radiation, non-ionizing |
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Definition
wavelengths are longer than 1 nm
can sterilize over a long time period
poor penetrative ability i.e. can't go through glass
creates thymine dimers
has trouble with endospores |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical |
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Definition
| effects vary with temperature, length of exposer, amount of organic matter present, PH of environment, concentration, and age of the chemical |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical, Phenol and phenolics (chem. altered phenol) |
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Definition
intermediate to low disinfectant
denatures protein and disrupts cell membranes
has disagreeable odor/ side effects |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical, alchohols |
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Definition
denatures protein/ disrupts cell membranes
intermediate disinfectant
70% concentration is most effective
usually in a tincture
mostly mechanic |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical, halogens |
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Definition
Group 7a elements (bromine, iodine, chlorine etc.)
intermediate level disinfectant
used to treat drinking water |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical, oxidizing agents |
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Definition
causes loss of electrons in enzymes (denatures protein)
high-level disinfectants
ozone is best thing to treat drinking water
per acetic acid is an effective sporacide |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical,surfactants |
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Definition
(soap and detergents) decrease surface tension of water
allows water to mix with oil/ allow oil to be removed
Quats- harmless to humans, antimicrobial, low level disinfectant. |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical,heavy metals |
|
Definition
denatures protein with metal ions
1 % silver nitrate used to prevent infant blindness from gonorrhea
thimerosal preserves vaccines
copper is anti fungal/antialgal |
|
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Term
| microbial control, chemical,aldehydes |
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Definition
high level
gluteraldehyde disinfects and sterilizes
formaldehyde + h20 used as embalming fluid |
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Term
| microbial control, chemical, gaseous agents |
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Definition
microbial/sporicidal gasses used in closed chambers to sterilize
exe ethylene oxide
denatures protein DNA |
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Term
| dif of antibiotics, synthetics, and semi synthetics |
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Definition
antibiotic- produced naturally by a m/o
semisynthetic- an antibiotic that has been altered
synthetic- man made antibiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
ability of a drug to target one type of cell but not another
ie targeting bacteria instead of the eukaryotic cells it is attached to |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action |
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Definition
the key is selective toxicity
targets mostly bacteria, a lesser amount of fungi, and an even smaller amount of viruses |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, targets |
|
Definition
cell walls w/ peptidoglycan,
ribosomes that make protein
cell membranes
metabolic pathways
DNA/RNA polymerases,
Pathogenic attachment site |
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Term
|
Definition
made "magic bullets"
an arsenic compound that kills microbes |
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Term
|
Definition
| discovered penicillin released from penicillium (1928) |
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Term
|
Definition
| discovered sulfanilamide (1932) |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered Antibiotics- antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
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Definition
Most common agents prevent cell wall cross linkage of NAM subunits
only works on actively growing bact.
no effect on existing peptidoglycan
no effect on animals |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, antibiotic list |
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Definition
beta lactam drugs and semisynthetic beta lactams derivatives
vancomycin and cycloserine
Bacitracin
Isoniazid |
|
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, beta lactam |
|
Definition
most commonly used
weakens cell walls leading cell to eventually lyse
active part of molecule is called betalactam ring
exe: penicillins, cephalosporin, monobactum |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, semisynthetic derivatives of beta lactams |
|
Definition
more stable in an acidic environment
more easily absorbed
less susceptible to deactivation
active against more bacteria types
GRAM + ONLY |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, simplest beta lactam |
|
Definition
effect only against aerobic gram - bact.
exe monobactum |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, vancomycin and cycloserin |
|
Definition
interfere with bridges linking NAM subunits in many gram +
rarely prescribed (last resort meds, only for drug resistant bact.) |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, bacitracin |
|
Definition
(topical use only, toxic if internally used)
blocks secretion of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm (cross bridges in cell wall peptidoglycan) |
|
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, Isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol |
|
Definition
interferes with my colic acid formation in mycobacterium
targets acid fast bact. |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis +list |
|
Definition
targets prokaryotic ribosomes (70s vs our 80s) but can still be harmful
selectively target translation
Streptomycin and gentamicin
tetracyclin
chlorumphenicol
oxazolindinone
erythromycin |
|
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, Streptomycin and gentamicin |
|
Definition
| changes ribosomal subunit shape, causing mRNA to be misread |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, tetracyclin |
|
Definition
| block docking sites of tRNA on ribosome |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, enthromycin |
|
Definition
| blocks proper mRNA movement through ribosome, causing synthesis to stop |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, oxazolindinone |
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Definition
| used as a last resort drug against MRSA |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane + list |
|
Definition
some form channel through cytoplasmic membrane, compromising integrity
Amphotericin B and nystatin
Azoles and Allylamines
polymyxin |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane, Amphotericin B and nystatin |
|
Definition
attach to ergosterols (similar to cholesterol) in fungal membranes
humans are somewhat susceptible
bacteria not susceptible (no sterols)
ON TEST punches hole through ergosterol in membrane
nystatin is toxic, topical use only |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane, Azoles and Allylamines |
|
Definition
| inhibit ergosterol synthesis |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane, Polumyxin |
|
Definition
disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gram - bact
toxi, topical only |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways |
|
Definition
effective when metabolic processes of host and pathogen differ
blocks virus activation
similar to activator molecule in DNA synthesis (enters enzyme and deactivates it) (heavy metals)
humans unaffected
targets m/o's that produce folic acid (we eat it) |
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|
Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways, list |
|
Definition
antimetabolic antagonists
quinolones
trimethoprim |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways,anti metabolic antagonists |
|
Definition
| effective when metabolic processes of host is different (we eat folic acid, they produce it) |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways, quinolones |
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Definition
| interferes with metabolism of malaria parasites |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways, Trimethoprim |
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Definition
| targets second step of PABA pathway. binds to enzyme involved in conversion of dihydrofolic acid to THF |
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|
Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis list |
|
Definition
nucleotide/nucleoside Analogs
Acyclovir
Azidothymidine (AZT)
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
riflampin
all are inhibitors of RNA polymerase during transcription |
|
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis,nucleotide/nucleoside analogs |
|
Definition
| Most effective against viruses/ cancer cells because they replicate too fast to check for analogs, allowing them to enter without being fixed |
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, acyclovir (ACV) |
|
Definition
a Guanosine analog
targets herpes |
|
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Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, Azidothymidine (AZT) |
|
Definition
a thymidine analog
the first drug to target AIDS |
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|
Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, quinolines and fluoroquinolones |
|
Definition
act against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
targets both gram + and gram - bact. |
|
|
Term
| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, riflampin |
|
Definition
target RNA polymerase
effective on gram +
most effective on acid fast bact. (mycobacterium)
this is because acid-fast bact. replicate slowly allowing drug time to enter and work |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, criteria for ideal antimicrobial agent to treat infection/disease |
|
Definition
readily available
inexpensice
chemically stable
easily administered
nontoxic and non allergenic
selectively toxic against wide range of bact. (only targets bact. and nothing else) |
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|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, narrow spectrum vs broad spectrum(with disadvantages) |
|
Definition
narrow- effective against select few pathogens
broad-effective against many, may allow secondary infection/superinfection, killing normal flora reduces microbial antagonism (flora preventing pathogens from infecting) |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, isoniazid |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
mycobacteria, some gram- bact. |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, polymyxin |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
Gram- bacteria |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, penicillin |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
some Gram-, gram + bacterial |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, streptomycin |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
mycobacteria, som gram- |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, erythromycin |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
gram-, gram+, chlamydias and rickettsias |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, tetracycline |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
gram-, gram+, chlamydias and rickettsias |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, sulfonamides |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
some gram-, gram+, chlamydias and rickettsias,
Eukaryotes
some protozoa |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, azoles |
|
Definition
Eukaryotes
protozoa, fungi, some helminths |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, niclosamide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, praziquantel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, aril done, ribavirin, and acyclovir |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy |
|
Definition
Ascertained by:
diffusion Susceptibility test (Kirby Bauer test)
Minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC)
E test (combo of Bauer and MIC
Minimum Bactericidal concentration test (MBC) |
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|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, Kirby Bauer test |
|
Definition
concentration of chemical is unknown
done on agar plates (to see if area around disk is clear of microbes, called the zone of inhibition)
only a pass/fail test for growth, does not show if microbes have been killed |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, MIC test |
|
Definition
slows down growth with different concentrations of drug
turbidity measured |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, E test |
|
Definition
combo of MIC and Kirby Bauer tests
strip with a concentration gradient of chem. on an agar plate to show minimum concentration of a chemical required to prevent bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, MBC test |
|
Definition
Uses tubes from MIC test
tubes of Dif concentrations poured onto a media
media with/without colonies show the concentration of the chemical required to kill the microbe. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, routes of administration |
|
Definition
topical-external application
oral- taken with mouth, slow absorption, low levels in blood
shot/iv-quick but liver might remove quickly |
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|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects categories, |
|
Definition
Toxicity
Allergies
Disruption fo flora |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects, toxicity |
|
Definition
the cause of may reactions is unknown
drugs might be toxic to kidneys, livers, or nerves
all humans have same side effects |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects, allergies |
|
Definition
reactions are rare in humans, but can be dangerous
severe anaphylactic shock is extremely rare, and if not treated immediately results in death |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects, disruption of flora |
|
Definition
can cause secondary infections
overgrowth of normal flora causes a superinfection
nosocomial infections- infections from hospitals, often drug resistant |
|
|
Term
| Resistance to drugs, development of resistance, non-genetic |
|
Definition
intracellular parasite will hide inside host cells to prevent detection/ exposure to drugs
production of biofilms to prevent exposure to drugs |
|
|
Term
| Resistance to drugs, development of resistance, genetic |
|
Definition
mutations in chromosomal genes
the acquisition of R plasmids through conjugation, transduction, or transformation |
|
|
Term
| Resistance to drugs,Mechanisms of resistance |
|
Definition
Production of drug deactivating enzyme (beta lactamase)
cell membrane slowing drug absorption/pumping drug out of cell
microbe's metabolic chemical/method changes (bact. no longer making folic acid but instead consuming it) |
|
|
Term
| Resistance to drugs, mechanisms of resistance, super bugs |
|
Definition
any microbe that has become resistant to 3 or more drugs
(MRSA, VRSA) |
|
|
Term
| Resistance to drugs, mechanisms of resistance, cross resistance |
|
Definition
| resistance to one drug causes a resistance to other, similar drugs, such as different forms of penicillin |
|
|
Term
| Resistance to drugs, retarding resistance |
|
Definition
following prescriptions completely to the dot
not taking drugs unnecessarily (like antibiotics for a cold) |
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