Term
| signs of bacterial resp infections |
|
Definition
inflam & congestion
high fever
pain
leukocytosis
purulent infection (pus)
possibly bact toxins that disseminate and cause symptoms of disease (dipth) |
|
|
Term
| proper tx for bact resp infections includes |
|
Definition
| prompt, effective, antimicrobial therapy for decreasing morbidity and mortality |
|
|
Term
| what are two important methods for controlling and prevent spread of bact resp infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inflammation of throat
inflammation of upper end of trachea, vocal cords and larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inflammation of sinuses
inflammation of tonsils
otitis media |
|
Definition
sinusitis
tonsilitis
middle ear infection |
|
|
Term
| common agents of infection for upper respiratory: larynx, tonsillitis, sinusitis, epiglottis |
|
Definition
Strep. pneumonia, Strep. pyogenes, viruses
""
bacteria
Haemophilus influenza |
|
|
Term
| most common group of bacterial pharyngitis |
|
Definition
| Group A, beta hemolytic streptococcus, S. pyogenes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sore throat, fever, pain, headache,
beefy red throat, white patches pus
tonsillitis
neck lymph nodes enlarged and tender
sinus infection & otitis media - frequent complications |
|
|
Term
| group A beta hemolytic strep is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how much % cases of pharyngitis caused by Strep. pyogenes?
*most pharyngitis caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does Group A strep defend itself? |
|
Definition
| resistant to phagocytosis, produces streptokinase that breaks down fibrin clots, and streptolysins that kill tissue cells, RBC and protective leukocytosis |
|
|
Term
| reservoir for Group A strep? |
|
Definition
humans
dogs can be carriers |
|
|
Term
Group A strep:
incubation period:
communicability period with NO Abtics:
"" with Abtics |
|
Definition
1-3 days
10-21 days
<24 hours |
|
|
Term
| Does immunity follow Group A strep? is there vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complications of untreated GAS infections referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complications of untreated GAS infections include: |
|
Definition
scarlet fever
rheumatic fever
acute glomerulonephritis
streptococcal toxic shock |
|
|
Term
| how do you contract Group A strep? |
|
Definition
| inhalation of airborne droplets or contact with secretions from infected persons |
|
|
Term
| fever, rash, may have nausea/vomiting, leukocytosis, strawberry tongue, bumpy/red tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fever producing erythrogenic toxin produces |
|
Definition
| symptoms of scarlet fever |
|
|
Term
| severe toxin-mediated GAS infection, associated with early onset of shock and organ failure |
|
Definition
| streptococcal toxic shock |
|
|
Term
| toxin-mediated GAS 2' infections |
|
Definition
| scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock |
|
|
Term
pain, often in extremity, fever, localized swelling and erythema (clinical signs of soft tissue)
*70% progress to necrotizing fascitis (infection in deep subc layer) |
|
Definition
| streptococcal toxic shock |
|
|
Term
| tx for necrotizing fascitis |
|
Definition
| surgical removal of dead tissue plus Abtics |
|
|
Term
| which strep sequelae are non-communicable or infectious: toxin-mediated or non-toxin mediated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occur 10-20 days after untreated GAS pharyngitis or wound infection - latent period limits useful culture, bc its neg by time patient seeks medical attention |
|
Definition
| non toxin mediated strep sequelae |
|
|
Term
occurs mostly in children
Ab attack 'strep-like' Ag on surface of heart and joints
fever, carditis, polyarthritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 % untreated GAS will progress to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
blood and protein in urine, edema and hypertension from Ag-Ab complexes depositing on glomerular capillary membranes of kidney
occurs w/ certain strains of Strep A - both pharyngeal and skin strep infections |
|
Definition
| Acute Glomerularonephritis |
|
|
Term
| Group C and G strep may cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may cause exudative pharyngitis (inflam) usually for patients in teens and 20s, may produce rash like Scarlet Fever |
|
Definition
| Arcanobacterium haemolyticum |
|
|
Term
more prevalent in men who engage in oral-genital sex practice;
may cause mild pharyngitis |
|
Definition
| neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus, GC) |
|
|
Term
| cause of diptheria, acute toxin-mediated upper respir tract infection |
|
Definition
| corynebacterium diptheria |
|
|
Term
| exotoxin destroys local epithelial cells which form gray pseudomembrane - may cover larynx...death by suffocation |
|
Definition
| corynebacterium diphtheria |
|
|
Term
| cardiac deaths freq in systemic diptheria...heart, nerve and kidney cells = destroyed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with toxin-mediated nerve damage in diphtheria...there may be paralysis of |
|
Definition
| eye muscles, soft palate or extremities |
|
|
Term
| can also acquire C. diptheria through |
|
Definition
| wound infections and absorbed toxins causes systemic toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moderate fever, swollen lymph nodes, patient appears toxic |
|
|
Term
DPT is vaccine for?
Precautions used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
gram neg coccobacillus, occurs in adults and children, often sequelae to viral infection
*can invade bldstrm and cause bacterial meningitis
Vaccine is: |
|
Definition
Haemophilus influenzae
Hib |
|
|
Term
| legionella is found where? |
|
Definition
| lakes, rivers, air cond cooling towers, spread thru contaminated aerosols (air cond, ventiliation systems) and water |
|
|
Term
90% of legionelloses casese are caused by?
symptoms include: mild flu-like to severe with headache, myalgia, fever, diarrhea
MORE THAN __ species of org? |
|
Definition
| Legionalla pneumophila; 30 |
|
|
Term
| causes primary atypical pneumonia (PAP); also called walking pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| org doesn't have cell wall, dx usually made on tx failures...NO beta lactams work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is Mycoplasma pneumonia considered atypical? (besides no cell wall) |
|
Definition
not large leukocyte response compared to most bact infections, which are exudative
May have non-productive cough |
|
|
Term
causes Q fever
obligate intracellular pathogen
acute systemic zoonotic infection
*acq thru unpast milk, or eye/wound contamination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
acq thru bite of infected rat flea
causes bubonic form of plague
symptoms: rigor, severe headache, high fever, cough, hard breathing, sputum very frothy and projectile! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bubonic plague may disseminate into lungs, causing ____
*very infectious, highly fatal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precautions for Yersinia pestis/pneumonic plague: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| obligate intracell pathogen that causes psittacosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resp infection acq thru inhalation of aerosols of infected psitticine bird droppings (parrots, parakeets, lovebirds) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how should psittacosis be prevented/eliminated? |
|
Definition
| eliminate source birds, prophylaxis tetracyclines given to birds |
|
|
Term
| C. psittaci taken up in resp tract by macrophages and travels to ___. Could be fatal if untreated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orinthosis is psittacosis but thru |
|
Definition
| other birds than psitticine birds |
|
|
Term
| humans are only reservoir for C pneumoniae...symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, hoarseness and pain swallowing, may also cause bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and febrile illness resembling influenza |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| starts out resembling cold, but 10-12d later get series of struggling coughs ending with inspiratory whoop thru narrow mucus filled airway...common name and org? |
|
Definition
| whooping cough, Bordatella pertussis |
|
|
Term
| vaccine for pertussis is what? how effective is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precautions for pertussis? |
|
Definition
| quarantine unvaccinated children for 2 wks, give vaccine adn erythromycin prophylaxis for close, unvaccinated contacts |
|
|
Term
| how serious is pertussis? |
|
Definition
| could result in convulsions or death from airway obstruction that leads to decr O2 level (hypoxia) |
|
|
Term
| pertussis is highly communicable - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
intracell pathogen, affects macrophages, acid-fast bacilli
defects in cell-mediated immunity will increase risk of contracting ___ |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
TB chronic infectious disease acq by ___
Symptoms: blood productive cough, night sweats, weight loss |
|
Definition
| inhaling droplet airborne nuclei |
|
|
Term
| TB bacillus can disseminate to any organ - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TB can wall itself off, presenting asymptomatic, and resurface later in life...T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isolate patients, wear N95 mask |
|
|
Term
| about 10% ppl will dev active TB after mos or yrs, usually when Immune system is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TB cavitation occurs when...is this contagious state? |
|
Definition
| tubercules break open into surrounding tissues to form cavity. may heal, but if have cavitary disease- still contagious |
|
|
Term
how do you stain out TB?
Tx for TB? |
|
Definition
acid-fast stain
cocktail of INH (isoniazid), pyrazinamide, rifampin) |
|
|
Term
TB skin test uses PPD - what's that?
reaction is ____ hypersensitivity (involved cell-mediated and T cells)
- skin test is 0.1 mL of 5 TU |
|
Definition
| purified protein derivative; delayed |
|
|
Term
| TB skin tests become positive after ___ wks after 1' infection with M. bacterium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pos TB skin test means what? |
|
Definition
| person been exposed at some point, doesn't mean been infected |
|
|
Term
| 1 person with TB will affect how many ppl/year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vaccine for TB is what? How effective is it? type of vaccine? |
|
Definition
BCG
60-80% protection
live attenuated of M. bovis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TB patient stays in what type of room? til when? |
|
Definition
| neg pressure isolation room or use portable HEPA filter unit in room til 3 neg acid-fast sputum smears after tx started |
|
|
Term
| non-TB mycobacteria cause ___; all are acid-fast bacilli, so a positive smear for acid-fast bacilli just means M. species, NOT TB :) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes pulmonary and disseminated infections in AIDS patients and other immunocomprosed patients |
|
Definition
Mycobacterium avium-intracellular
M. avium complex, MAC or MAIC |
|
|
Term
| causes pulmonary infection similar to TB: M. ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil orgs acq thru inhalation, causes nocacardiosis - what is that? |
|
Definition
Nocardia spp.
chronic pulm disease with suppuration (pus production) and abscess formation
*can disseminate and form abscesses in subc tissue, peritoneum, and brain |
|
|
Term
| chronic lower respiratory tract infections typically assoc with defects in ____ immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common symptoms of pneumonia |
|
Definition
sudden onset of chills
fever
chest pain
dyspnea
cough |
|
|
Term
| why are gram stains of lower resp tract bact infections helpful? |
|
Definition
| bc etiologic agents of pneum can be seen in L #s with lots of PMNs |
|
|
Term
| Large #s PMNs in pneumo tell throat what? |
|
Definition
| an infection process is occuring |
|
|
Term
is there normal flora in lower resp tract?
why does some show up in specimen? |
|
Definition
| NO, it passes thru upper resp tract dring collection and acq those |
|
|
Term
| not all agents of pneum will gram stain, some don't have cell wall or are just unusual in nature - TRUE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pneum (pneumococcus pneum) causes _____, an acute bact infection of alveoli and/or bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lobar pneum usually 2' infection - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strep. pneumonia (causes lobar pneum) is carried on the throat and nasopharynx of 5-40% health ppl, meaning it is ___ ___ of upper resp tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of lobar pneum |
|
Definition
high fever
shaking and chills
cough with rusty colored sputum
chest pain |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of lobar pneum |
|
Definition
high fever
shaking and chills
cough with rusty colored sputum
chest pain |
|
|
Term
non-pneumococcal pneum's responsible for about 20% bact pneum in non-hosp patients - T or F
2' to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. pyogenes, S. aureus, Hib, Klebsiella pneum -- pneum usually caused by ___ in upper respir tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H. influenzae usually occur where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
throat
middle ear or sinus
lungs
blood
meninges |
|
Definition
| normal course of infection |
|
|
Term
| upper resp tract viral agents cause ___; contagious? |
|
Definition
acute, self-limited disease
YES |
|
|
Term
last great uncontrolled plague of mankind
three types - A B and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Influenza type A is found in ___; causes most ___ |
|
Definition
pigs, horses, birds, humans
epidemics |
|
|
Term
| Influenza B and C are found where? cause what kind of outbreak? |
|
Definition
humans
moderate, local outbreaks |
|
|
Term
| Influenza C occurs sporadically in who? causes mild influenza |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Influenza Type A subdivided by ____ differences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antigenic differences further subdiv into what two div? what does ea div do? |
|
Definition
hemagluttinin (attachment)
neuraminidase (protective mucus dissolver) |
|
|
Term
| how many hemagluttinin subtypes are there? how many in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many neuraminidase subtypes are there? how many in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Virus type/geograph origin/strain#/yr of isolation
*may add host origin if came from animal |
|
Definition
| WHO nomenclature for influenza subtyping |
|
|
Term
| how is viral influenza spread? |
|
Definition
| droplets from upper resp tract |
|
|
Term
| Influenza viral particles ability to change surface proteins and prod new strains of itself that ppl are not immune to, make it difficult disease to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
antigenic shift occurs why? when occur?
can you predict antigenic shift?
what is it due to? |
|
Definition
| there are changes in H and N spikes; usually happens when virus shifts species; can't ever predict...due to genetic recombination between different strains infecting same cell |
|
|
Term
mutations in genes encoding H or N spikes, happens constantly to allow virus to avoid IgA Ab.
*may involve only 1 aa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type Influenza can make dramatic, rapid antigenic shift leaving population without immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are influenza vaccines made? |
|
Definition
| against surface antigens of last years H and N subtype |
|
|
Term
| Influ A from antigenic SHIFT can cause pandemic how often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Influe A epidemics due to antigenic DRIFT occur how often?
Influ B outbreaks occur how often |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of viral Influ - and what is NOT sign |
|
Definition
vomiting NOT a sign;
fever (up to 104F), chills, muscle aches and pains, sweating, dry cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, headache, malaise, minor fatigue to complete exhaustion, may have enlarged lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what does recovery from viral Influenza look like- how long last? |
|
Definition
| fever lasts about 3 days, recov in week...self-limited |
|
|
Term
| main complications of viral influ are ____ caused by viral injury of resp epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is at greatest risk of complications or death from influenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rare complication of viral Influenza seen in children and young adolescents
*involves acute encephelopathy with fatty infiltration of liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One risk factor for Reye's Syndrome.
What is mortality rate? |
|
Definition
using aspirin with viral infections, mainly chicken pox or influenza
10-40% mortality rate |
|
|
Term
| rare CNS disease linked to influenza and other viruses and bact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2' bact infections follow common cold include |
|
Definition
| sinusitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, otitis media |
|
|
Term
| common cold acq by inoculation into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mild, self-limited inflam of nose or throat causing profuse watery discharge of mucus, sneezing, sore throat, cough, fatigue, little or no fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why will they not ever make vaccine for common cold? |
|
Definition
| bc Rhinovirus (causative agent) has over 100 antigenic types, freq re-infections |
|
|
Term
| other acute viral resp diseases are usually transmitted by ___, more common in who? |
|
Definition
| aerosols or inoculation of upper resp tract with contact of resp secretions or feces, more common in children |
|
|
Term
| we have short-lived immunity, but re-infection is common with other acute viral resp diseases...T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major cause of lower resp tract illness in infants and children, highly contagious and may cause nosocomial infections transmitted by health care workers |
|
Definition
| Resp Synctial Virus (RSV) |
|
|
Term
| when is RSV normally seen? |
|
Definition
| Nov-April, esp Jan to March |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of pneum in children is viral or bacterial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is good hand-washing imp with RSV? |
|
Definition
| can last for 24 h on contaminated surfaces |
|
|
Term
| common lower resp tract infections (RSV) include |
|
Definition
| pneumonia, bronchitis, tracheobronchitis with fever and otitis media |
|
|
Term
flu-like disease with fever, headache, myalgia that can quickly progress to severe pulmonary disease with acute resp distress, may lead to resp arrest (failure) from fluid accumulation in lungs and death
*carried in secretions from deer mouse |
|
Definition
| Sin Nombre Virus (Hantavirus) |
|
|
Term
| Humans infected with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome thru what contact? |
|
Definition
inhalation of aerosols of infected rodent feces/urine or rarely from bite of infected mouse
*always wipe with WET cloth |
|
|
Term
| no evidence of person to person transmission with Hantavirus -- T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
multiplies in upper respiratory tract or parotid gland, causes viremia
acute, self-limited systemic illness
Signs: uni- or bilateral parotiditis, sometimes other gland enlargement
- may localize in ovaries or testes in adolesc or adults, occas in CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
meningitis, encephalitis, epidiymoorchitis, oophoritis, polyarthritis, and pancreatitis
-- extra-salivary gland manifestations from what illness???? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
name of vaccine for Mumps?
precautions needed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mumps only infects humans and you lifelong immunity -- T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
acq thru aerosols and infects pharynx, causes viremia
Symptoms: similar to cold, but sicker
after 3-4 days, get dark red rash starting on face and moving to trunk
- lasts 7-10 days and may progress to pneum or CNS involvement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Koplik spots - bright red lesions with white centers in mouth and palate -- hallmark of what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
name of vaccine for measles (rubeola)?
precautions to take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mild disease thru droplet contact with nasopharyn secretions, causes red rash and enlarged lymph nodes
can pass from mom to fetus,
infants have growth retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, neurologic problems, ophthalmologic, jaundice, blueberry muffin skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
precautions for German measles?
name of vaccine? |
|
Definition
droplet
rubella alone or MMR |
|
|
Term
| mom's getting rubella during which trimester most harmful to fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parvovirus B-19, associated with erythema infectiosum, gives 'slapped cheek' appearance, flu-like disease |
|
Definition
| Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) |
|
|
Term
Fifth disease rash goes from face to limbs - lasts ___ days
infected adults may have ___ pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ppl with RBC defects and fifth disease may have aplastic crisis (can't make RBCs), but body rebounds quickly after 7 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fifth disease associated with in susceptible pregnant females in 2 or 3 trimester? |
|
Definition
| spont abortions or fetal hydrops from excessive edema |
|
|
Term
| precautions for Fifth disease/erythema infectiosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pop Chickenpox/Varicella most often occurs in? Zoster/shingles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fluid filled exanthem, red itchy that starts on trunk and moves to face and limbs
member of herpes family, trans by aerosols |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fever and malaise in adults, painful eruptions of vesicular lesions, can inflam CNS, usually unilateral on trunk or shoulders/neck/head
2' infection from Varicella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
tx for chicken pox? why?
vaccine available for which age group |
|
Definition
supportive, NO salicylates (aspirin) - prevent Reye's syndrome
children 12-18 mos of age |
|
|
Term
caused by Variola virus, transmitted by aerosols and contact
Symptoms: fever, prostration, fatality rate up to 40%, small round pocks 1mm in diameter with white opaque centers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
smallpox recovery starts when...
2' infections common? |
|
Definition
pustular lesions dry, scabs fall away, scarring common,
2' infections common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infectious mononucleosis (mono) caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
acute infectious disease with triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy - lasts 1-4 weeks
*kissing disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
acute infectious disease with triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy - lasts 1-4 weeks
*kissing disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
80-90% adults infected with ___
50-75% young adults experience 1' EBV infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what virus contributes to Burkitts Lymphoma, tumor of children in Africa/New Guinea, and AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
incubation period for mono...
may be complicated further by... |
|
Definition
4-6 weeks
splenomegaly, CNS involvement, pericarditis, hepatitis |
|
|
Term
in herpes family
common in young adults, can mimic mono, but usually asymptomatic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infections in immunocompromised include fever, sight-threatening retinitis, ulcerative enteritis, and bilateral pneum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cause of congenital infection...symptomatic infants may die or survive with neuro damage, asymptom infants may have hearing loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS abnormalities, petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice |
|
|
Term
| what virus can pass thru saliva, urine, breast milk, cervical secretions, semen and blood...most common congenital infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| newborns can acq CMV at delivery, postnatal can acq from ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| filamentous fungi produce many spores where? spores can survive long time without nutrients. |
|
Definition
| wood, soil, plant surfaces |
|
|
Term
humans have high resistance to fungal infections - T or F
what lowers resistance? |
|
Definition
TRUE
defects in cell mediated immunity, those on steroid therapy, immunosuppressed |
|
|
Term
| how are fungal infections detected in lab? |
|
Definition
| fungal culture, fungal stains/India Ink |
|
|
Term
| dimorphic fungus exists in two forms - what are they? at what temps? |
|
Definition
yeast - in tissues at 37C
mold - in environment at 25C |
|
|
Term
| clinical characteristics often mirror TB, starts with nonprod cough, fever, dyspnea, moves into chest pain, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus...causes ____
found in ___
where high concentration in US? |
|
Definition
Histoplasmosis
soil enriched with bird droppings and bat guano
MS, MO or OH river valleys |
|
|
Term
Valley Fever, caused by Coccidioides immitus
found in ___
spores are numerous and easily disseminated by air currents |
|
Definition
Coccidoidomycosis (dimorphic)
southwest soil |
|
|
Term
Blastomyces dermatiditis is a dimorphic fungus...causes ____
found in ___
where high concentration in US? |
|
Definition
Blastomycosis
moist, enriched soil with high organic content from decomposed wood or decaying vegetation
MS and OH river valleys |
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Term
South American Blastomycosis - called?
caused by?
fatal? |
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Definition
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidoides brasiliensis - in soil, vegetation and wood in subtropic South America
FATAL if untx |
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Term
Cryptococcus neoformans causes ___?
yeast found in soil, assoc with pigeon droppings
transmitted by inhaling yeast-contaminated dust |
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Definition
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Term
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly Pneum. carinii) causes what?
inhaled, then lays dormant til what?
causes pneum in who?
Tx: |
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Definition
Pneumocystosis
dormant til activated by immunosuppressed condition
AIDS patients
Sulfur drug |
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Term
| acute inflam of membranes covering brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| most common agent of bacterial meningitis in older adults is ____ and ___ may also be found for those who have lost Ab to it |
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Definition
strep. pneum
H. influ type b |
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Term
| 5yrs to adult - meningitis is ___ infection to what? |
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Definition
2'
upper or lower resp tract infections |
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Term
| most common agent of bact mening in young adults is |
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Definition
| neisseria meningitidis, the meningococcus |
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Term
| why is viral meningitis called 'aseptic meningitis'? |
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Definition
| bc no bact to culture, nonpurulent (not many PMNs) |
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Term
| what would CSF sample of person with viral meningitis look like? |
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Definition
| clear CSF, increased mononuclear (lymphocytes) cells, normal glucose and incr protein |
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Term
| viral men takes same pathway as bact men- what is pathway in body? |
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Definition
| upper or lower resp tract infection -- blood -- meninges |
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Term
| what culture used for viral men? |
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Definition
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Term
| chronic, persistent, slow-growing meningitis, often fatal, hard to treat bc it is eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of culture for fungal meningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| bact men diagnosis looks like what? |
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Definition
cloudy, yellow CSF
increase in PMNs
decr glucose
incr protein |
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Term
| severe disease caused by infection in brain tissue, involves cerebral dysfunction, manifestations of meningitis, same lab dx as viral men |
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Definition
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Term
disease involving meninges and brain tissue, acq thru nasal mucous from freshwater lakes or ponds
may be acute with death in 1 week or chronic, depending on org |
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Definition
| amebic meningoencephalitis |
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Term
| lab dx for amebic meningoencephalitis? |
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Definition
amebic culture
ova and parasite study |
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Term
chronic, slow-progressing disease caused by normal resp flora, often strep viridans (alpha strep)
- predisposed to this if had rheumatic fever or syphilis that affected heart valves
- organisms get into bldstrm by trauma, dental surgery or dental manipulation |
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Definition
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Term
Gram positive
catalase positive
coagulase positive
methicillin sensitive (13mm zone) |
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Definition
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Term
gram positive cocci
catalase positive
coagulase negative
non-urine or M/F <13 or >45
Methacillin sensitive (13 mm) or resistant (10mm zone or less) |
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Definition
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Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis alpha
optochin disk sensitive (>14) |
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Definition
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Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis beta
bacitracin disk sensitive (zone) |
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Definition
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Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis alpha
optochin disk resistant (<14mm) |
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Definition
| alpha strep (strep viridans) |
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Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis beta or gamma
bacitracin disk resistant (no zone)
positive CAMP test |
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Definition
Group B strep
S. agalactiae |
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Term
gram pos cocci
catalase negative
SF broth pos (yellow, turbidity)
bile esculin - black (pos)
may be Vancomycin resistant |
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Definition
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Term
Gram positive
catalase positive
coagulase positive
methicillin resistant (10mm zone or less) |
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Definition
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Term
gram positive cocci
catalase positive
coagulase negative
Urine sample in sexually active F between 13 and 45 yrs
Novobiocin disc sensitive
Methacillin sensitive (13 mm) or resistant (10mm zone or less) |
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Definition
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Term
gram positive cocci
catalase positive
coagulase negative
Urine in sex-active F betw 13 & 45
Novobiocin resistant (less than 16 mm) |
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Definition
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Term
| how do microbes enter nervous system? |
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Definition
medical procedure
blood or lymph
backbone or skull fx
along peripheral nerves |
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Term
| what prevents passage of some materials (like anti microbial drugs) into CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria can grow in subarachnoid space of CNS - t or F |
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Definition
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Term
| symptoms of bacterial meningitis |
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Definition
fever, headache, stiff neck
followed by nausea and vomiting
may lead to convulsions and coma |
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Term
| how dx and how tx bact meningitis |
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Definition
dx: Gram stain of CSF
tx: cephalosporins |
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Term
| Bact mening usually 2' infection, 1' infection site usually in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
these orgs involved in what?
Staph, GAS, S. pneum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium acnes |
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Definition
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Term
mening occuring mostly in children age 6mos - 4yrs
prevented by Hib vaccine
(normal throat microbiota, Ag type B) |
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Definition
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Term
caused by N. meningitidis, gram neg aerobic capsule
*begins as throat infection, rash
10% ppl are healthy carriers |
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Definition
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
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Term
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) - vaccines against some serotypes avail - T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| only bact mening that causes epidemics |
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Definition
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
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Term
mening characterized by sudden onset of fever, severe headache, painful neck rigidity, nausea and vomiting
*convulsions often in children
*delirium or coma frequent
(if disease allowed to progress, mening thicken, and hemor and clotting contrib to damage) |
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Definition
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
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Term
| MC (meningococcus) usually colonizes the ___, but may spread to blood (meningococcemia) and go to skin, joints, lungs, adrenal glands, CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Petechial hemorrhages can come from this meningococcal endotoxin |
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Definition
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
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Term
| may lead to adrenal hemor, circulatory collapse, and shock (Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome - which is rapidly fatal) |
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Definition
| Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) |
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Term
gram pos diplococci
70% healthy carriers
MOST common in children (1mo-4yrs)
Mortality rate: 30% children, 80% elderly
Prevented by vaccination |
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Definition
| Pneumococcal Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) |
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Term
what are precautions for Pneumococcal pneum? (Strep pneum)
Prophylaxis tx? |
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Definition
droplet
Ab tx for close contacts |
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Term
agents of neonatal bact mening are
(colonizes in intestin tract or skin and spreads to bldstrm)
birth-1mo |
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Definition
| Group B strep, E coli, Listeria monocytogenes |
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Term
| Group B strep, E coli and Listeria monocytogenes can colonize in genital tract and given to baby during delivery, causing what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mening occurs 2' infection to upper resp tract colonization with H influe, S pneum, N. mening - what age group? |
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Definition
| children 2 mos to five years |
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Term
catalase positive =
catalase neg |
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Definition
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