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Microbiology Unit 5
Infections of Respiratory Tract
223
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/19/2011

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Term
signs of bacterial resp infections
Definition
inflam & congestion
high fever
pain
leukocytosis
purulent infection (pus)
possibly bact toxins that disseminate and cause symptoms of disease (dipth)
Term
proper tx for bact resp infections includes
Definition
prompt, effective, antimicrobial therapy for decreasing morbidity and mortality
Term
what are two important methods for controlling and prevent spread of bact resp infections?
Definition
rapid lab ID
vaccines
Term
inflammation of throat

inflammation of upper end of trachea, vocal cords and larynx
Definition
pharyngitis

laryngitis
Term
inflammation of sinuses
inflammation of tonsils
otitis media
Definition
sinusitis
tonsilitis
middle ear infection
Term
common agents of infection for upper respiratory: larynx, tonsillitis, sinusitis, epiglottis
Definition
Strep. pneumonia, Strep. pyogenes, viruses
""
bacteria
Haemophilus influenza
Term
most common group of bacterial pharyngitis
Definition
Group A, beta hemolytic streptococcus, S. pyogenes
Term
symptoms pharyngitis
Definition
sore throat, fever, pain, headache,
beefy red throat, white patches pus
tonsillitis
neck lymph nodes enlarged and tender

sinus infection & otitis media - frequent complications
Term
group A beta hemolytic strep is
Definition
Strep. pyogenes
Term
how much % cases of pharyngitis caused by Strep. pyogenes?
*most pharyngitis caused by:
Definition
5-10%

viruses
Term
how does Group A strep defend itself?
Definition
resistant to phagocytosis, produces streptokinase that breaks down fibrin clots, and streptolysins that kill tissue cells, RBC and protective leukocytosis
Term
reservoir for Group A strep?
Definition
humans
dogs can be carriers
Term
Group A strep:
incubation period:
communicability period with NO Abtics:
"" with Abtics
Definition
1-3 days
10-21 days
<24 hours
Term
Does immunity follow Group A strep? is there vaccine?
Definition
NO
NO
Term
complications of untreated GAS infections referred to as
Definition
sequelae
Term
complications of untreated GAS infections include:
Definition
scarlet fever
rheumatic fever
acute glomerulonephritis
streptococcal toxic shock
Term
how do you contract Group A strep?
Definition
inhalation of airborne droplets or contact with secretions from infected persons
Term
fever, rash, may have nausea/vomiting, leukocytosis, strawberry tongue, bumpy/red tongue
Definition
scarlet fever
Term
fever producing erythrogenic toxin produces
Definition
symptoms of scarlet fever
Term
severe toxin-mediated GAS infection, associated with early onset of shock and organ failure
Definition
streptococcal toxic shock
Term
toxin-mediated GAS 2' infections
Definition
scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock
Term
pain, often in extremity, fever, localized swelling and erythema (clinical signs of soft tissue)
*70% progress to necrotizing fascitis (infection in deep subc layer)
Definition
streptococcal toxic shock
Term
tx for necrotizing fascitis
Definition
surgical removal of dead tissue plus Abtics
Term
which strep sequelae are non-communicable or infectious: toxin-mediated or non-toxin mediated
Definition
non toxin-mediated
Term
occur 10-20 days after untreated GAS pharyngitis or wound infection - latent period limits useful culture, bc its neg by time patient seeks medical attention
Definition
non toxin mediated strep sequelae
Term
occurs mostly in children
Ab attack 'strep-like' Ag on surface of heart and joints
fever, carditis, polyarthritis
Definition
rheumatic fever
Term
3 % untreated GAS will progress to?
Definition
rheumatic fever
Term
blood and protein in urine, edema and hypertension from Ag-Ab complexes depositing on glomerular capillary membranes of kidney
occurs w/ certain strains of Strep A - both pharyngeal and skin strep infections
Definition
Acute Glomerularonephritis
Term
Group C and G strep may cause
Definition
pharyngitis
Term
may cause exudative pharyngitis (inflam) usually for patients in teens and 20s, may produce rash like Scarlet Fever
Definition
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Term
more prevalent in men who engage in oral-genital sex practice;
may cause mild pharyngitis
Definition
neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus, GC)
Term
cause of diptheria, acute toxin-mediated upper respir tract infection
Definition
corynebacterium diptheria
Term
exotoxin destroys local epithelial cells which form gray pseudomembrane - may cover larynx...death by suffocation
Definition
corynebacterium diphtheria
Term
cardiac deaths freq in systemic diptheria...heart, nerve and kidney cells = destroyed
Definition
TRUE
Term
with toxin-mediated nerve damage in diphtheria...there may be paralysis of
Definition
eye muscles, soft palate or extremities
Term
can also acquire C. diptheria through
Definition
wound infections and absorbed toxins causes systemic toxicity
Term
symptoms of diphtheria
Definition
moderate fever, swollen lymph nodes, patient appears toxic
Term
DPT is vaccine for?
Precautions used?
Definition
C. diphtheria
Droplet
Term
gram neg coccobacillus, occurs in adults and children, often sequelae to viral infection
*can invade bldstrm and cause bacterial meningitis
Vaccine is:
Definition
Haemophilus influenzae
Hib
Term
legionella is found where?
Definition
lakes, rivers, air cond cooling towers, spread thru contaminated aerosols (air cond, ventiliation systems) and water
Term
90% of legionelloses casese are caused by?
symptoms include: mild flu-like to severe with headache, myalgia, fever, diarrhea
MORE THAN __ species of org?
Definition
Legionalla pneumophila; 30
Term
causes primary atypical pneumonia (PAP); also called walking pneumonia
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Term
org doesn't have cell wall, dx usually made on tx failures...NO beta lactams work
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Term
why is Mycoplasma pneumonia considered atypical? (besides no cell wall)
Definition
not large leukocyte response compared to most bact infections, which are exudative
May have non-productive cough
Term
causes Q fever
obligate intracellular pathogen
acute systemic zoonotic infection
*acq thru unpast milk, or eye/wound contamination
Definition
Coxiella burnetii
Term
acq thru bite of infected rat flea
causes bubonic form of plague
symptoms: rigor, severe headache, high fever, cough, hard breathing, sputum very frothy and projectile!
Definition
Yersinia pestis
Term
bubonic plague may disseminate into lungs, causing ____
*very infectious, highly fatal
Definition
pneumonic plague
Term
precautions for Yersinia pestis/pneumonic plague:
Definition
droplet
Term
obligate intracell pathogen that causes psittacosis
Definition
Chlamydia psittaci
Term
resp infection acq thru inhalation of aerosols of infected psitticine bird droppings (parrots, parakeets, lovebirds)
Definition
psittacosis
Term
how should psittacosis be prevented/eliminated?
Definition
eliminate source birds, prophylaxis tetracyclines given to birds
Term
C. psittaci taken up in resp tract by macrophages and travels to ___. Could be fatal if untreated.
Definition
bloodstream
Term
orinthosis is psittacosis but thru
Definition
other birds than psitticine birds
Term
humans are only reservoir for C pneumoniae...symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, hoarseness and pain swallowing, may also cause bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and febrile illness resembling influenza
Definition
chlamydia pneumoniae
Term
starts out resembling cold, but 10-12d later get series of struggling coughs ending with inspiratory whoop thru narrow mucus filled airway...common name and org?
Definition
whooping cough, Bordatella pertussis
Term
vaccine for pertussis is what? how effective is it?
Definition
DTP, >80% effective
Term
precautions for pertussis?
Definition
quarantine unvaccinated children for 2 wks, give vaccine adn erythromycin prophylaxis for close, unvaccinated contacts
Term
how serious is pertussis?
Definition
could result in convulsions or death from airway obstruction that leads to decr O2 level (hypoxia)
Term
pertussis is highly communicable - T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
intracell pathogen, affects macrophages, acid-fast bacilli
defects in cell-mediated immunity will increase risk of contracting ___
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
TB chronic infectious disease acq by ___
Symptoms: blood productive cough, night sweats, weight loss
Definition
inhaling droplet airborne nuclei
Term
TB bacillus can disseminate to any organ - T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
TB can wall itself off, presenting asymptomatic, and resurface later in life...T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
precautions for TB
Definition
isolate patients, wear N95 mask
Term
about 10% ppl will dev active TB after mos or yrs, usually when Immune system is
Definition
compromised
Term
TB cavitation occurs when...is this contagious state?
Definition
tubercules break open into surrounding tissues to form cavity. may heal, but if have cavitary disease- still contagious
Term
how do you stain out TB?

Tx for TB?
Definition
acid-fast stain

cocktail of INH (isoniazid), pyrazinamide, rifampin)
Term
TB skin test uses PPD - what's that?
reaction is ____ hypersensitivity (involved cell-mediated and T cells)
- skin test is 0.1 mL of 5 TU
Definition
purified protein derivative; delayed
Term
TB skin tests become positive after ___ wks after 1' infection with M. bacterium
Definition
6-14weeks
Term
pos TB skin test means what?
Definition
person been exposed at some point, doesn't mean been infected
Term
1 person with TB will affect how many ppl/year?
Definition
10 ppl/year
Term
vaccine for TB is what? How effective is it? type of vaccine?
Definition
BCG
60-80% protection
live attenuated of M. bovis
Term
TB precautions
Definition
Airborne, wear N95 mask
Term
TB patient stays in what type of room? til when?
Definition
neg pressure isolation room or use portable HEPA filter unit in room til 3 neg acid-fast sputum smears after tx started
Term
non-TB mycobacteria cause ___; all are acid-fast bacilli, so a positive smear for acid-fast bacilli just means M. species, NOT TB :)
Definition
lower resp disease
Term
causes pulmonary and disseminated infections in AIDS patients and other immunocomprosed patients
Definition
Mycobacterium avium-intracellular
M. avium complex, MAC or MAIC
Term
causes pulmonary infection similar to TB: M. ___
Definition
M. kansasii
Term
soil orgs acq thru inhalation, causes nocacardiosis - what is that?
Definition
Nocardia spp.
chronic pulm disease with suppuration (pus production) and abscess formation
*can disseminate and form abscesses in subc tissue, peritoneum, and brain
Term
chronic lower respiratory tract infections typically assoc with defects in ____ immunity
Definition
cell-mediated
Term
common symptoms of pneumonia
Definition
sudden onset of chills
fever
chest pain
dyspnea
cough
Term
why are gram stains of lower resp tract bact infections helpful?
Definition
bc etiologic agents of pneum can be seen in L #s with lots of PMNs
Term
Large #s PMNs in pneumo tell throat what?
Definition
an infection process is occuring
Term
is there normal flora in lower resp tract?
why does some show up in specimen?
Definition
NO, it passes thru upper resp tract dring collection and acq those
Term
not all agents of pneum will gram stain, some don't have cell wall or are just unusual in nature - TRUE
Definition
TRUE
Term
Streptococcus pneum (pneumococcus pneum) causes _____, an acute bact infection of alveoli and/or bronchi
Definition
lobar pneumonia
Term
lobar pneum usually 2' infection - T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
Strep. pneumonia (causes lobar pneum) is carried on the throat and nasopharynx of 5-40% health ppl, meaning it is ___ ___ of upper resp tract
Definition
normal flora
Term
clinical signs of lobar pneum
Definition
high fever
shaking and chills
cough with rusty colored sputum
chest pain
Term
clinical signs of lobar pneum
Definition
high fever
shaking and chills
cough with rusty colored sputum
chest pain
Term
non-pneumococcal pneum's responsible for about 20% bact pneum in non-hosp patients - T or F
2' to ____
Definition
TRUE
viral infections
Term
S. pyogenes, S. aureus, Hib, Klebsiella pneum -- pneum usually caused by ___ in upper respir tract
Definition
opportunistic commensal
Term
H. influenzae usually occur where?
Definition
upper resp tract
Term
throat
middle ear or sinus
lungs
blood
meninges
Definition
normal course of infection
Term
upper resp tract viral agents cause ___; contagious?
Definition
acute, self-limited disease
YES
Term
last great uncontrolled plague of mankind
three types - A B and C
Definition
influenza
Term
Influenza type A is found in ___; causes most ___
Definition
pigs, horses, birds, humans
epidemics
Term
Influenza B and C are found where? cause what kind of outbreak?
Definition
humans
moderate, local outbreaks
Term
Influenza C occurs sporadically in who? causes mild influenza
Definition
children
Term
Influenza Type A subdivided by ____ differences
Definition
antigenic
Term
Antigenic differences further subdiv into what two div? what does ea div do?
Definition
hemagluttinin (attachment)
neuraminidase (protective mucus dissolver)
Term
how many hemagluttinin subtypes are there? how many in humans?
Definition
15
3
Term
how many neuraminidase subtypes are there? how many in humans?
Definition
9
2
Term
Virus type/geograph origin/strain#/yr of isolation
*may add host origin if came from animal
Definition
WHO nomenclature for influenza subtyping
Term
how is viral influenza spread?
Definition
droplets from upper resp tract
Term
Influenza viral particles ability to change surface proteins and prod new strains of itself that ppl are not immune to, make it difficult disease to ____
Definition
control
Term
antigenic shift occurs why? when occur?
can you predict antigenic shift?
what is it due to?
Definition
there are changes in H and N spikes; usually happens when virus shifts species; can't ever predict...due to genetic recombination between different strains infecting same cell
Term
mutations in genes encoding H or N spikes, happens constantly to allow virus to avoid IgA Ab.
*may involve only 1 aa
Definition
antigenic drift
Term
Which type Influenza can make dramatic, rapid antigenic shift leaving population without immunity?
Definition
Infl A
Term
how are influenza vaccines made?
Definition
against surface antigens of last years H and N subtype
Term
Influ A from antigenic SHIFT can cause pandemic how often?
Definition
about every 10 yrs
Term
Influe A epidemics due to antigenic DRIFT occur how often?
Influ B outbreaks occur how often
Definition
every 2 to 3 yrs - both
Term
signs of viral Influ - and what is NOT sign
Definition
vomiting NOT a sign;
fever (up to 104F), chills, muscle aches and pains, sweating, dry cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, headache, malaise, minor fatigue to complete exhaustion, may have enlarged lymph nodes
Term
what does recovery from viral Influenza look like- how long last?
Definition
fever lasts about 3 days, recov in week...self-limited
Term
main complications of viral influ are ____ caused by viral injury of resp epithelium
Definition
1' or 2' bact pneum
Term
who is at greatest risk of complications or death from influenza?
Definition
elderly, and debilitated
Term
rare complication of viral Influenza seen in children and young adolescents
*involves acute encephelopathy with fatty infiltration of liver
Definition
Reye's Syndrome
Term
One risk factor for Reye's Syndrome.

What is mortality rate?
Definition
using aspirin with viral infections, mainly chicken pox or influenza

10-40% mortality rate
Term
rare CNS disease linked to influenza and other viruses and bact
Definition
Guillian-Barre Syndrome
Term
2' bact infections follow common cold include
Definition
sinusitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, otitis media
Term
common cold acq by inoculation into
Definition
nose and eyes
Term
mild, self-limited inflam of nose or throat causing profuse watery discharge of mucus, sneezing, sore throat, cough, fatigue, little or no fever
Definition
common cold
Term
why will they not ever make vaccine for common cold?
Definition
bc Rhinovirus (causative agent) has over 100 antigenic types, freq re-infections
Term
other acute viral resp diseases are usually transmitted by ___, more common in who?
Definition
aerosols or inoculation of upper resp tract with contact of resp secretions or feces, more common in children
Term
we have short-lived immunity, but re-infection is common with other acute viral resp diseases...T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
major cause of lower resp tract illness in infants and children, highly contagious and may cause nosocomial infections transmitted by health care workers
Definition
Resp Synctial Virus (RSV)
Term
when is RSV normally seen?
Definition
Nov-April, esp Jan to March
Term
most common cause of pneum in children is viral or bacterial?
Definition
viral
Term
why is good hand-washing imp with RSV?
Definition
can last for 24 h on contaminated surfaces
Term
common lower resp tract infections (RSV) include
Definition
pneumonia, bronchitis, tracheobronchitis with fever and otitis media
Term
flu-like disease with fever, headache, myalgia that can quickly progress to severe pulmonary disease with acute resp distress, may lead to resp arrest (failure) from fluid accumulation in lungs and death
*carried in secretions from deer mouse
Definition
Sin Nombre Virus (Hantavirus)
Term
Humans infected with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome thru what contact?
Definition
inhalation of aerosols of infected rodent feces/urine or rarely from bite of infected mouse
*always wipe with WET cloth
Term
no evidence of person to person transmission with Hantavirus -- T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
multiplies in upper respiratory tract or parotid gland, causes viremia
acute, self-limited systemic illness
Signs: uni- or bilateral parotiditis, sometimes other gland enlargement
- may localize in ovaries or testes in adolesc or adults, occas in CNS
Definition
Mumps
Term
meningitis, encephalitis, epidiymoorchitis, oophoritis, polyarthritis, and pancreatitis
-- extra-salivary gland manifestations from what illness????
Definition
mumps
Term
name of vaccine for Mumps?
precautions needed?
Definition
MMR
droplet
Term
mumps only infects humans and you lifelong immunity -- T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
acq thru aerosols and infects pharynx, causes viremia
Symptoms: similar to cold, but sicker
after 3-4 days, get dark red rash starting on face and moving to trunk
- lasts 7-10 days and may progress to pneum or CNS involvement
Definition
measles
Term
Koplik spots - bright red lesions with white centers in mouth and palate -- hallmark of what disease?
Definition
rubeola (measles)
Term
name of vaccine for measles (rubeola)?
precautions to take?
Definition
MMR
airborne
Term
mild disease thru droplet contact with nasopharyn secretions, causes red rash and enlarged lymph nodes
can pass from mom to fetus,
infants have growth retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, neurologic problems, ophthalmologic, jaundice, blueberry muffin skin
Definition
Rubella (German measles)
Term
precautions for German measles?
name of vaccine?
Definition
droplet
rubella alone or MMR
Term
mom's getting rubella during which trimester most harmful to fetus?
Definition
1st
Term
Parvovirus B-19, associated with erythema infectiosum, gives 'slapped cheek' appearance, flu-like disease
Definition
Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)
Term
Fifth disease rash goes from face to limbs - lasts ___ days
infected adults may have ___ pain
Definition
1-2 days
joint pain
Term
ppl with RBC defects and fifth disease may have aplastic crisis (can't make RBCs), but body rebounds quickly after 7 days
Definition
True
Term
what is fifth disease associated with in susceptible pregnant females in 2 or 3 trimester?
Definition
spont abortions or fetal hydrops from excessive edema
Term
precautions for Fifth disease/erythema infectiosum?
Definition
droplet
Term
pop Chickenpox/Varicella most often occurs in? Zoster/shingles?
Definition
children
adults
Term
fluid filled exanthem, red itchy that starts on trunk and moves to face and limbs
member of herpes family, trans by aerosols
Definition
chicken pox/varicella
Term
fever and malaise in adults, painful eruptions of vesicular lesions, can inflam CNS, usually unilateral on trunk or shoulders/neck/head
2' infection from Varicella
Definition
Zoster/Shingles
Term
tx for chicken pox? why?
vaccine available for which age group
Definition
supportive, NO salicylates (aspirin) - prevent Reye's syndrome
children 12-18 mos of age
Term
caused by Variola virus, transmitted by aerosols and contact
Symptoms: fever, prostration, fatality rate up to 40%, small round pocks 1mm in diameter with white opaque centers
Definition
smallpox (variola major)
Term
smallpox recovery starts when...
2' infections common?
Definition
pustular lesions dry, scabs fall away, scarring common,
2' infections common
Term
tx for smallpox
vaccine?
Definition
supportive
available
Term
infectious mononucleosis (mono) caused by?
Definition
Epstein-Barr virus
Term
acute infectious disease with triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy - lasts 1-4 weeks
*kissing disease
Definition
Mono
Term
acute infectious disease with triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy - lasts 1-4 weeks
*kissing disease
Definition
Mono
Term
80-90% adults infected with ___
50-75% young adults experience 1' EBV infection
Definition
mono
Term
what virus contributes to Burkitts Lymphoma, tumor of children in Africa/New Guinea, and AIDS patients?
Definition
Epstein-Barr virus
Term
incubation period for mono...
may be complicated further by...
Definition
4-6 weeks
splenomegaly, CNS involvement, pericarditis, hepatitis
Term
in herpes family
common in young adults, can mimic mono, but usually asymptomatic
Definition
Cytomegalovirus
Term
infections in immunocompromised include fever, sight-threatening retinitis, ulcerative enteritis, and bilateral pneum
Definition
cytomegalovirus
Term
most common cause of congenital infection...symptomatic infants may die or survive with neuro damage, asymptom infants may have hearing loss
Definition
CMV
Term
congenital CMV symptoms:
Definition
CNS abnormalities, petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice
Term
what virus can pass thru saliva, urine, breast milk, cervical secretions, semen and blood...most common congenital infection
Definition
CMV
Term
newborns can acq CMV at delivery, postnatal can acq from ___
Definition
indiv shedding virus
Term
filamentous fungi produce many spores where? spores can survive long time without nutrients.
Definition
wood, soil, plant surfaces
Term
humans have high resistance to fungal infections - T or F
what lowers resistance?
Definition
TRUE
defects in cell mediated immunity, those on steroid therapy, immunosuppressed
Term
how are fungal infections detected in lab?
Definition
fungal culture, fungal stains/India Ink
Term
dimorphic fungus exists in two forms - what are they? at what temps?
Definition
yeast - in tissues at 37C
mold - in environment at 25C
Term
clinical characteristics often mirror TB, starts with nonprod cough, fever, dyspnea, moves into chest pain, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss
Definition
fungal infection
Term
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus...causes ____
found in ___
where high concentration in US?
Definition
Histoplasmosis
soil enriched with bird droppings and bat guano
MS, MO or OH river valleys
Term
Valley Fever, caused by Coccidioides immitus
found in ___
spores are numerous and easily disseminated by air currents
Definition
Coccidoidomycosis (dimorphic)
southwest soil
Term
Blastomyces dermatiditis is a dimorphic fungus...causes ____
found in ___
where high concentration in US?
Definition
Blastomycosis
moist, enriched soil with high organic content from decomposed wood or decaying vegetation
MS and OH river valleys
Term
South American Blastomycosis - called?
caused by?
fatal?
Definition
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidoides brasiliensis - in soil, vegetation and wood in subtropic South America
FATAL if untx
Term
Cryptococcus neoformans causes ___?
yeast found in soil, assoc with pigeon droppings
transmitted by inhaling yeast-contaminated dust
Definition
cryptococcus
Term
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly Pneum. carinii) causes what?
inhaled, then lays dormant til what?
causes pneum in who?
Tx:
Definition
Pneumocystosis
dormant til activated by immunosuppressed condition
AIDS patients
Sulfur drug
Term
acute inflam of membranes covering brain and spinal cord
Definition
meningitis
Term
most common agent of bacterial meningitis in older adults is ____ and ___ may also be found for those who have lost Ab to it
Definition
strep. pneum
H. influ type b
Term
5yrs to adult - meningitis is ___ infection to what?
Definition
2'
upper or lower resp tract infections
Term
most common agent of bact mening in young adults is
Definition
neisseria meningitidis, the meningococcus
Term
why is viral meningitis called 'aseptic meningitis'?
Definition
bc no bact to culture, nonpurulent (not many PMNs)
Term
what would CSF sample of person with viral meningitis look like?
Definition
clear CSF, increased mononuclear (lymphocytes) cells, normal glucose and incr protein
Term
viral men takes same pathway as bact men- what is pathway in body?
Definition
upper or lower resp tract infection -- blood -- meninges
Term
what culture used for viral men?
Definition
viral culture
Term
chronic, persistent, slow-growing meningitis, often fatal, hard to treat bc it is eukaryotic cell
Definition
fungal meningitis
Term
what type of culture for fungal meningitis?
Definition
fungal culture
Term
bact men diagnosis looks like what?
Definition
cloudy, yellow CSF
increase in PMNs
decr glucose
incr protein
Term
severe disease caused by infection in brain tissue, involves cerebral dysfunction, manifestations of meningitis, same lab dx as viral men
Definition
viral encephalitis
Term
disease involving meninges and brain tissue, acq thru nasal mucous from freshwater lakes or ponds
may be acute with death in 1 week or chronic, depending on org
Definition
amebic meningoencephalitis
Term
lab dx for amebic meningoencephalitis?
Definition
amebic culture
ova and parasite study
Term
chronic, slow-progressing disease caused by normal resp flora, often strep viridans (alpha strep)
- predisposed to this if had rheumatic fever or syphilis that affected heart valves
- organisms get into bldstrm by trauma, dental surgery or dental manipulation
Definition
infective endocarditis
Term
Gram positive
catalase positive
coagulase positive
methicillin sensitive (13mm zone)
Definition
S. aureus
Term
gram positive cocci
catalase positive
coagulase negative
non-urine or M/F <13 or >45
Methacillin sensitive (13 mm) or resistant (10mm zone or less)
Definition
Staph. epidermidis
Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis alpha
optochin disk sensitive (>14)
Definition
Strep. pneumoniae
Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis beta
bacitracin disk sensitive (zone)
Definition
Strep pyogenes (Group A)
Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis alpha
optochin disk resistant (<14mm)
Definition
alpha strep (strep viridans)
Term
gram pos cocci
catalase neg
SF broth purple (no growth)
hemolysis beta or gamma
bacitracin disk resistant (no zone)
positive CAMP test
Definition
Group B strep
S. agalactiae
Term
gram pos cocci
catalase negative
SF broth pos (yellow, turbidity)
bile esculin - black (pos)
may be Vancomycin resistant
Definition
Enterococcus
VRE
Term
Gram positive
catalase positive
coagulase positive
methicillin resistant (10mm zone or less)
Definition
MRSA
Term
gram positive cocci
catalase positive
coagulase negative
Urine sample in sexually active F between 13 and 45 yrs
Novobiocin disc sensitive
Methacillin sensitive (13 mm) or resistant (10mm zone or less)
Definition
Staph epidermidis
Term
gram positive cocci
catalase positive
coagulase negative
Urine in sex-active F betw 13 & 45
Novobiocin resistant (less than 16 mm)
Definition
Staph saprophyticus
Term
how do microbes enter nervous system?
Definition
medical procedure
blood or lymph
backbone or skull fx
along peripheral nerves
Term
what prevents passage of some materials (like anti microbial drugs) into CNS
Definition
Blood Brain Barrier
Term
bacteria can grow in subarachnoid space of CNS - t or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
symptoms of bacterial meningitis
Definition
fever, headache, stiff neck
followed by nausea and vomiting
may lead to convulsions and coma
Term
how dx and how tx bact meningitis
Definition
dx: Gram stain of CSF
tx: cephalosporins
Term
Bact mening usually 2' infection, 1' infection site usually in ____
Definition
resp tract
Term
these orgs involved in what?
Staph, GAS, S. pneum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium acnes
Definition
bact mening
Term
mening occuring mostly in children age 6mos - 4yrs
prevented by Hib vaccine
(normal throat microbiota, Ag type B)
Definition
H. influenzae Meningitis
Term
caused by N. meningitidis, gram neg aerobic capsule
*begins as throat infection, rash
10% ppl are healthy carriers
Definition
Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis)
Term
Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis) - vaccines against some serotypes avail - T or F
Definition
TRUE
Term
only bact mening that causes epidemics
Definition
Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis)
Term
mening characterized by sudden onset of fever, severe headache, painful neck rigidity, nausea and vomiting
*convulsions often in children
*delirium or coma frequent
(if disease allowed to progress, mening thicken, and hemor and clotting contrib to damage)
Definition
Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis)
Term
MC (meningococcus) usually colonizes the ___, but may spread to blood (meningococcemia) and go to skin, joints, lungs, adrenal glands, CNS
Definition
nasopharynx
Term
Petechial hemorrhages can come from this meningococcal endotoxin
Definition
Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis)
Term
may lead to adrenal hemor, circulatory collapse, and shock (Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome - which is rapidly fatal)
Definition
Neisseria Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis)
Term
gram pos diplococci
70% healthy carriers
MOST common in children (1mo-4yrs)
Mortality rate: 30% children, 80% elderly
Prevented by vaccination
Definition
Pneumococcal Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
Term
what are precautions for Pneumococcal pneum? (Strep pneum)
Prophylaxis tx?
Definition
droplet
Ab tx for close contacts
Term
agents of neonatal bact mening are
(colonizes in intestin tract or skin and spreads to bldstrm)
birth-1mo
Definition
Group B strep, E coli, Listeria monocytogenes
Term
Group B strep, E coli and Listeria monocytogenes can colonize in genital tract and given to baby during delivery, causing what?
Definition
neonatal bact meningitis
Term
Mening occurs 2' infection to upper resp tract colonization with H influe, S pneum, N. mening - what age group?
Definition
children 2 mos to five years
Term
catalase positive =
catalase neg
Definition
Staph
strep
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