Term
| substance capable of initiating an immune response; usually PART of a protein (8-16 aa's long) |
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Definition
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Term
| study of mechanisms that protect an individual from injury; ability of body to recognize what is ATYPICAL |
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Definition
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Term
| injuries to body from bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi |
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Definition
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Term
| WBCs that are 1st responders, phagocytic, not great at triggering immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| WBC that produce histamines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocytes are involved in ___ immunity (specific or innate) |
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Definition
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Term
| no memory, triggered every time org comes in |
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Definition
| innate immunity, non-specific immunity |
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Term
| 3 parts of nonspecific immunity (2 lines of defense) |
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Definition
surface barriers - 1st line
cellular defenses - 2nd line
chemical defenses - 2nd line |
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Term
| first line of defense in innate immunity |
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Definition
skin and mucous membrane
normal flora |
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Term
| how does sebum contribute to 1st line of innate immunity? |
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Definition
| antimicrobial properties, make skin slightly acidic |
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Term
| examples of mucous membranes that contribute to nonspecific immunity |
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Definition
| low pH in vagina, acids in stomach, lysozomes in tears |
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Term
what cells in 2nd line of innate immunity trigger specific/adaptive immunity system the most?
where are they found?
how do they work |
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Definition
dendritic; tissues;
migrate out looking for T and B cells to ignite adaptive immunity |
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Term
can attack any cell, but not phagocytic, they attack cell membrane and release cytolytic chemicals
- type of T cell in innate immunity system |
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Definition
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Term
| steps of phagocytosis (4) |
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Definition
chemotaxis
attachment
ingestion
digestion |
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Term
| 3 chemical defenses (2nd line of defense in innate immunity) |
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Definition
inflammation
fever
complement system |
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Term
stimulates WBCs
reduces available free plasma iron
induces Interleukin-1
slows growth rate of certain pathogens
1st response to be recognized |
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Definition
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Term
responds to foreign invaders, BUT ALSO
physical trauma
infection by microorgs
chemical irritation
burns |
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Definition
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Term
| fx of inflammatory response |
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Definition
| localize foreign substances at site of entry, prevent penetration to other tissues, help rebuild damaged tissue to normal |
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Term
heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of fx (may or may not) |
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Definition
| cardinal signs of local inflammation |
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Term
Prostaglandins dilate vessels (brings Ab and phagoc to site)
Forms fibrous connective tissue around site (wall off invaders, prevents spread)
clean up debris |
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Definition
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Term
| collection of cells and fluid in injured area |
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Definition
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Term
| thick yellow exudates containing large #s of PMNs (polymorphoneutrophils) |
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Definition
| Purulent (suppurative) exudate |
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Term
| thin, watery exudates, more plasma than cells (blister) |
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Definition
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Term
microorgs that cause a purulent exudate response (pus formation)
-Strep A is this |
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Definition
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Term
causes cascading sequence that results in cell lysis, chemotaxis and or opsorization
- 2 pathways (classical and alternative) that involve about 30 proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| involving coding of bacterial cells - adds sticky proteins to cell surface so that it attaches more easily to phagocytizing cells |
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Definition
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Term
makes memory, occurs when 2nd line of defense is insufficient for protection (or 2nd line stimulated so long, it activates this)
3rd LINE OF DEFENSE |
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Definition
| acquired/specific immunity |
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Term
| phagocytic cells in 2nd line of defense include |
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Definition
neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells |
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Term
| MHC class 1 is present in all cells except ___; MHC 1 involved in what? |
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Definition
| RBC's; Cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
| MHC type 2 are in ____ cells; involved in which type of specific immunity? |
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Definition
| Phagocytic cells; Humoral immunity |
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Term
| Humoral immunity involves ____ organism; found in blood and extracellular spaces around cells |
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Definition
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Term
| cell-mediated immunity involves ____ cellular pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| we have more extracellular pathogens than intracellular...T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells) are part of ____ immunity; what is their action? |
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Definition
| cell-mediated; they lyse infected cells |
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Term
| B cells, helper T cells (CD4 cells) are involved in ___ immunity |
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Definition
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Term
what do helper T-1 cells do?
What do helper T-2 cells do? |
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Definition
| T-1s activate the macrophages; T-2s activate B cells to produce IgM and IgE |
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Term
| B cells break down into (2) things |
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Definition
| Plasma cells and memory cells |
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Term
| Antibodies come from?? which immunity involved with? |
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Definition
| Plasma cells, that come from B cells involved in humoral immunity |
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Term
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Definition
1st Ab 1st time infected;
1st Ab 2nd time infected, can cross placenta |
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Term
Fx of IgA
Fx of IgD
Fx of IgE |
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Definition
in tears and saliva; unknown;
involved in allergic reactions and fights parasitic worms |
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Term
| 3rd line of immune defense |
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Definition
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Term
| immunity whose response is unique to the challenge it's presented, diverse |
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Definition
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Term
| activate other cells involved in humoral immunity (macrophages and B cells) and helps produce Ab (CD4 cells) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) cells destroy |
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Definition
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Term
| how many MHC 1 genes do we inherit? MHC 2? What's different about MHC 2 inherited genes? |
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Definition
6; 8
MHC 2 genes- 2 chains can recombine to produce many different variants for those 8 genes |
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Term
| which type immunity guards from TB, fungi, leprosy, other infections, intracellular viruses and cancer, some kinds of tumors |
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Definition
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Term
| act as chemical messengers in the immune system; called lymphokine when lymphocyte produces it |
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Definition
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Term
| cytokine that attracts WBCs to infected areas |
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Definition
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Term
| cytokine that protects against viral infections (shuts downs replication in neighboring cells) |
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Definition
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Term
| cytokine involved in further stimulating the immune response (IL1 - B cell matur and prolif, inflammation; IL2- T cell matur and differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
| cytokine that's important in inflammatory reaction, it's cytotoxic to cancer cells |
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Definition
| Tumor Necrosing Factors (TNF) |
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Term
| cytokine that is macrophage colony stimulating factor AND stimulats hemopoiesis |
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Definition
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Term
| proteosomes fx; involved in what type immunity |
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Definition
chew up organism, breaks it down so MHC 1 can pick it up
CELL-mediated immunity |
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Term
| branch of immunity that protects us against more toxins, bacteria and viruses, deals with extracellular pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| involves B lymphocytes and plasma cells that produce specific Abs to react with particular pathogen |
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Definition
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Term
| immunoglobulins are also called |
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Definition
| antibodies; proteins called globulins |
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Term
| antibodies held together in Y shape by ___ bonds |
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Definition
| 2 disulfide bonds- very strong |
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Term
| what Ab occurs when Ag is introduced to host for 1st time? |
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Definition
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Term
| what occurs during lag or latent phase of Ab production? how long last? |
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Definition
| 5-7 days; no detectable Ab now |
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Term
| what happens during Log phase of Ab production? How long last? |
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Definition
| gradual rise in titer (IgM), takes 1-2 weeks |
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Term
| what happens during Plateau phase of Ab production? How long last? |
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Definition
| Ab titer stabilizes, peaking around 3-6 weeks |
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Term
| what happens during Decline phase of Ab production? How long last? |
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Definition
| Ab titer decr due to catabolism of Ab, removal due to formation of immune complexes, halt production of more Ab; takes couple of months (whole process) |
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Term
| anamnestic response is what? when does it occur? |
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Definition
MEMORY RESPONSE
occurs when another exposure to same Ag (days, wks, mos, yrs later) occurs |
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Term
| 2d Ab production response different how? |
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Definition
latent/lag phase shorter (just activ memory, not creating it)
IgG is 1st Ab on scene
titer response typically 10x greater
duration lasts longer, maybe for lifetime, IgG creates stronger memory |
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Term
| comprises about 80% all Ab in normal human serum, four subtypes |
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Definition
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Term
| diffuses into extracellular space more easily (smaller), only Ab to neutralize toxin, good at complement cascade |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| IgG1 and IgG3 are better at crossing |
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Definition
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Term
| pentamer, can't cross placenta, BEST complement activator bc it has 10 Ag binding sites |
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Definition
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Term
| antibody in tears and saliva, also vaginal secretions, resp and intest mucus and colustrum |
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Definition
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Term
Immune Regulation and Antigen Clearance:
inhibits IgG complement activation but activates alternative pathway, and prevents bacteria from attaching to mucosal surfaces preventing colonization |
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Definition
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Term
antibody with unknown fx, may contrib to B cell differentiation
*highly susceptible to proteolytic enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| mediates type 1 hypersensitivity (allergies) and immunity against worms |
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Definition
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Term
| antibody that bonds strongly to mast cells and basophils, releasing histamines and heparin |
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Definition
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Term
| MHC class 2 - how does it work in cell? |
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Definition
| microbe phagocytized, lysosome breaks it down, MHC class 2 protein comes to lysosome, binds with fave fragment and displays on cell surface |
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Term
| which cells involved in humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| B cells and some helper T cells (if T cells involved, better memory response) |
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Term
| which cells involved in humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| B cells and some helper T cells (if T cells involved, better memory response) |
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Term
| once B cell activated in humoral immunity, what happens? |
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Definition
| produces memory cells and plasma cells (plasma produces antibodies), antibodies attach to Ag, make it easier for Ag to be phagocytized |
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Term
| Do both humoral and cell-mediated make memory? |
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Definition
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Term
Product of humoral immunity?
product of cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| immunity that protects from extracellular pathogens, circ viruses, bact, toxins |
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Definition
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Term
| immunity that protects from intracellular pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of acquired immunity provides fetal protection? how? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dx test for humoral, for cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is mode of action for humoral immunity? for cell-mediated? |
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Definition
Ag-Ab complexes
cell-cell contact |
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Term
| once acquired immunity activated, ___ are also activated, in differing degrees |
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Definition
| cell-mediated and humoral immunity |
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Term
MHC class 2 is only in what cells?
MHC class 1 found in? |
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Definition
| phagocytes; all nucleated cells |
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Term
occurs when immune defenses go haywire - could be immediate or delayed
*instead of protecting, immune response irritates |
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Definition
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Term
| immediate hypersensitivity occurs within |
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Definition
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Term
includes classic allergic responses,
anaphylactic reactions, involve IgE Ab |
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Definition
| Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions |
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Term
| over 1/2 population allergic to something - T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| most common observed type of hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| type 1 - allergic reaction |
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Term
| what determines type and severity of allergic reaction |
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Definition
nature of Ag
amt time Ag entering body
route of entry
length time betw exposures
person's ability to prod IgE Ab
site of IgE attachment |
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Term
anaphylaxis that involves mast cell degranulation, ex include hay fever, hives, asthma
*symptoms depend on how allergen enters body and sites of IgE attachment |
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Definition
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Term
immediate allergic reaction, involves basophil degranulation, shock reaction usually occurs within 20 min after exposure
ex include: bee stings, penicillin, nut and shellfish allergies, lots of meds |
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Definition
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Term
symptoms are:
flushed skin with itching, headache, facial swelling, diff breathing, falling BP, nausea, vomiting, abdomin cramps, urination;;;;;
possible acute resp distress
unconsciousness
death |
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Definition
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Term
| tx for systemic anaphylaxis? how effective is it? |
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Definition
| adrenaline, Epi, antihistamine - usually works! |
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Term
| tx for systemic anaphylaxis? how effective is it? |
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Definition
| adrenaline, Epi, antihistamine - usually works! |
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Term
cytotoxic reactions seen in bl transfusions, Rh incompatib reactions
-- involves IgG and IgM Ab |
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Definition
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Term
immune complex reactions that occur in serum sickness and certain autoimmune diseases; also certain complications of untreated or inadeq tx of strep throat or other S pyogenes infections
ex: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
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Term
| Delayed (Type 4) hypersensitivity reactions usually seen after ___; part of which immunity? |
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Definition
| 24 hours; cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
| Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions occur in what scenarios? |
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Definition
| transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, tuberculin and fungal skin tests |
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Term
| Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions occur in what scenarios? |
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Definition
| transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, tuberculin and fungal skin tests |
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Term
| disease that results when person's IS attacks itself, no longer recog self and non-self; can occur during fetal dev if certain tissues aren't exposed to immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| IS not fx properly is called ___; also termed ___ |
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Definition
| immune deficiency, immunosuppressed, etc |
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Term
| malnutrition is number one cause of what worldwide? |
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Definition
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Term
| what tx may help someone with certain immune deficiency diseases? |
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Definition
| bone marrow transplant or gene therapy |
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Term
| acquired immunity can be obtained 3 ways |
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Definition
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Term
type of immunity where host is immunocompetent, their own cells can meet challenge, takes wks to dev this, but usually offers lifelong immunity
*may be naturally or artificially acquired |
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Definition
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Term
| getting a vaccine would be _____ immunity |
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Definition
| active artificial immunity |
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Term
| naturally getting rubella virus called ____ immunity |
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Definition
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Term
type of immunity where 'pre-formed' Ab are given to the host,
*offers immediate, short-term protection |
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Definition
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Term
| breastmilk, placenta, Hep B Ig are examples of ___ immunity |
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Definition
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Term
bone marrow transplant is ___ immunity
(host is immunocompetent, so i.c. transplanted into host) |
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Definition
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Term
| way of creating memory without becoming ill...suspension of orgs or fractions of orgs that stimulate specific immune response so if encountered again, an amanestic response occurs to fight Ag/disease |
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Definition
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Term
| procedure common in 18th century where dried scabs of smallpox were injected into another person's veins, Pasteur called it vaccination |
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Definition
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Term
| goal of vaccination: herd immunity, also determined as |
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Definition
| control spread of hard-to-treat-or-prevent (mostly viral) disease |
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Term
vaccine that provides better protection bc it closely mimics disease, considered less safe
EX: Sabin (oral) polio, MMR |
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Definition
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Term
| influenza, Salk polio - vaccines that have killed or inactivated orgs in them, no risk |
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Definition
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Term
vaccine with inactivated toxins that stimulate immune response to make IgG Ab against toxin
TETANUS and DIPHTHERIA |
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Definition
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Term
| vaccine that contains antigenic fragments |
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Definition
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Term
subunit vaccine in which different microbe produces Ag fragment
ex: Hep B - yeast produces part of HBV that stimulates immune response |
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Definition
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Term
vaccine developed bc children <15 mos don't produce adeq immune response (T-cell mediated) to capsular polysaccharides so proteins are added which stimulate humoral immunity
EX are: Hib (Haemophilus influenzae) |
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Definition
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Term
| ideal, not approved: naked DNA injected via gene gun which results in protein production of what DNA codes for, proteins stimulate immune response |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) vaccine |
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Term
| IgA inhibits ___ and prevents ____ by preventing bact from attaching to mucosal surfaces |
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Definition
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Term
| two types of IgA - serum and secretory |
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Definition
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Term
| trace Ig is also called (involved in allergic reactions) |
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Definition
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Term
| injury that comes from malignant or senescent (dying) cells |
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Definition
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Term
| injury from exogenous chemicals - chem include |
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Definition
pollens
pet dander
poison ivy |
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Term
| which Ab only one to neutralize toxins? |
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Definition
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Term
chemicals added to vaccine to improve antigenicity (in US, aluminum salts used)
not a vaccine by itself |
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Definition
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Term
| Ideal vaccine - describe 4 things |
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Definition
taken orally rather than injected (eliminates invasive procedure)
gives life-long immunity in single dose
stable without refrigeration
affordable |
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Term
| poison produced by bacteria - def and give examples |
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Definition
TOXIN
diptheria toxin, botulism toxin, tetanus toxin |
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Term
Anti-toxin
(Ab to dipth, tetanus or botulism) |
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Definition
| Ab produced by host to neutralize bacterial toxin. can be produced actively after exposure or passively thru injection |
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Term
| type of vaccine where part of toxin is injected into host to invoke humoral immune response |
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Definition
Diptheria and tetanus vaccine
TOXOID VACCINE |
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Term
| direct tests detect ____ from patient sample |
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Definition
|
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Term
| indirect tests detect Ab from patients ___ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Dx infections and autoimmune diseases |
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Term
| serologic testing - if you find only IgM Ab - what does this indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| serologic testing - if you find IgM and IgG Ab - what does this indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| serologic testing - if you find only IgG Ab - what does this indicate? |
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Definition
| indicates past infection or past vaccination |
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Term
| if IgM is present in newborns, what does this indicate |
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Definition
| indicates recent dev, IgM first Ab produced in fetal dev |
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Term
| if IgG is present in newborns what does this indicate |
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Definition
| maternal protection - IgG passes thru placenta and colostrum |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| agglutination as a serological test finds |
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Definition
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Term
| RBCs are an indicator for what serological test |
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Definition
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Term
| serological test that inactivates toxin or virus |
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Definition
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Term
| perioxidase enzyme is indicator for which serological test |
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Definition
|
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Term
| soluble Ags used for this serological test |
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Definition
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Term
| Ab linked to fluorescent dye - which serological test? |
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Definition
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Term
| immunologic test where Ab detected in serum by visualizing Ag-Ab complex |
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Definition
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|
Term
| immunologic test where Ab detected in serum by visualizing Ag-Ab complex |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Rapid Group A Strep test, Influenza A and B test, Rotavirus test - examples of Rapid Ag tests |
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Definition
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Term
| immunologic test in which Ag are injected under epidermal layer of skin and host examined for hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| allergy tests and PPD for TB are these types of immunological tests |
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Definition
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Term
| TB skin test can tell difference betw vaccination and actual exposure - T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| Principle behind TB skin test |
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Definition
| prev exposure stimulates cell-med immunity (bc org inside macrophages), in subsequent exposure (skin test), delayed hypersensitivity should respond |
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Term
| Principle behind TB skin test |
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Definition
| prev exposure stimulates cell-med immunity (bc org inside macrophages), in subsequent exposure (skin test), delayed hypersensitivity should respond |
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Term
| signs of pos Mantoux test |
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Definition
| hardening, reddening around area |
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Term
| signs of pos Mantoux test |
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Definition
| hardening, reddening around area |
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Term
| any lab test that uses immunologic principles (humoral or cell-mediated immunity) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| acute and convalescent titers should be how far apart |
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Definition
four-fold increase in titer, so
4 to 32 |
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