Term
| What is the normal flora of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| none - it is a closed sterile system |
|
|
Term
| How does the CV system protect from infection? |
|
Definition
| low availability of iron (cuz it's bound to hemoglobin), phagocytic cells clear bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What is the major characteristic of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| it is very permeable (easy flow betweenblood system) |
|
|
Term
| Which direction does the lymphatic system flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bacteremia? how does this happen? |
|
Definition
| prescence of bacteria in blood; get in through invasive procedures (tooth pulled) or wounds |
|
|
Term
| What is fungemia? viremia? |
|
Definition
| fungi in the blood, virus in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary source of bacteremia? secondary? |
|
Definition
| dont know where it came from; spread from primary source of infection |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat bacteremia? |
|
Definition
| none (self limiting) - there are no symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflamed lymph vessels (you see red streaks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled proiferation in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteremia with signs/symptoms (bacterial cytolysins lyse red blood cells and increase free iron, this increases bacterial growth) |
|
|
Term
| What are signs and symptoms of sepsis? |
|
Definition
| fever, chills, increased heartrate and breathing (tachycardia) |
|
|
Term
| What can severe sepsis lead to? |
|
Definition
| inflammatory response leads to decrease in blood pressure aka hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body undergoes massive inflammation and the BP is so low it cant be controlled by fluids (leads to organ failure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the inner layer of heart or heart valves (endocardium) |
|
|
Term
| What makes people more susceptible to endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| altered or abnormal heart architechture (can be due to trauma, congenital heart disease, or rheumatic fever) |
|
|
Term
| What are body piercings dangerous? |
|
Definition
| allowing biofilm into blood |
|
|
Term
| What is subacute endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| develops slowly, mild fever daily for months before other symptoms, can detect a heart murmur (due to damaged valves) |
|
|
Term
| What is acute endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| rapid onset (sudden high fever) |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| fatigue, malaise (general discomfort), headache, night sweats, splinter hemorrhages |
|
|
Term
| What are splinter hemorrhages? |
|
Definition
| as endocarditis progresses capillaries burst and ou get red dots under fingernails |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose sepsis and endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| inoculation of blood culture bottles (sepecepmia uses 1 or 2 sets, endocarditis uses 3-4 sets) |
|
|
Term
| How many sets of blood culture botteles are used to diagnose septicemia? why? |
|
Definition
| 1-2; because the culture can get infected with staph epidermidis from normal flora, so doing it twice makes sure that they are infected and it's not just the normal flora |
|
|
Term
| How many sets of blood culture bottles should you use to diagnose endocarditis? why? |
|
Definition
| growing in the heart so you have bacteria intermittently thoughout the blood not constantly so you have to make sure to catch it |
|
|
Term
| WHat does a set of blood culture bottles contain? |
|
Definition
| bottles of broth: one with oxygen and one without |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when an automated reading instrument says that a bottle is positive? |
|
Definition
| there is more CO2 than WBC alone could produce s there is bacteria (becomes acidic) |
|
|
Term
| What is the gram stain of streptococcus pyogenes? |
|
Definition
| gram positive cocci in chains |
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors for strep pyogenes? |
|
Definition
| capsule, streptokinases, hyaluronidase, DNAse, Leukocidins, M-protein, streptolysins |
|
|
Term
| What are the extracellular virulence factors for strep pyogenese? |
|
Definition
| streptolysins, hydraluronidase, streptokinases |
|
|
Term
| What is puerperl Sepsis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common term for puerperal sepsis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is childbed fever? how is it transmitted? |
|
Definition
| nosocomial infection of uterus; hands/instuments or physician (during childbirth) |
|
|
Term
| What is lemierre's syndrome caused by? |
|
Definition
| Fusobacterium necroforum (secondary to strep throat infection) |
|
|
Term
| what are virulence factors for lemierre's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| streptolysins, hyaluronidase |
|
|
Term
| If lemierre's syndrome travels where it is fatal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does lemierre's syndrome do? |
|
Definition
| causes an infected clot in the jugular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune complication of strep throat (late sequelae) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of M proteins in rhuematic fever? |
|
Definition
| they are self-like and produce antibodies that attach your heart |
|
|
Term
| If placed on blood agar, rheumatic fever shows what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is rheumatic fever's catalase reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is rheumatic fever sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a group specific for rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
| high risk patients get long acting Benzathine Penicillin G (shot in butt) |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
| wash hands, treat strep throat (wrong M type can lead to rheumatic fever if untreated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes sepsis in newborns? |
|
Definition
| mom's vaginal infection of strep agalactiae is spread during delivery |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose group B strep? |
|
Definition
| culture (beta hemolytic, catalase negative, lancefield grouping B) |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat nerwborn sepsis? |
|
Definition
| give antibiotics during delievery |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent newborn sepsis? |
|
Definition
| check pregnant women for group B (rectal and vaginal swab) |
|
|
Term
| What organisms cause endotoxic shock? what do these have in common |
|
Definition
| E. Coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and enterobacter; they are all gram negative rods |
|
|
Term
| What is present on the outside of gram negative rods? |
|
Definition
| LPS (acts as an endotoxin) |
|
|
Term
| What is gram-positive endotoxic shock characterized by? |
|
Definition
| gram positive lipoteichoic acid |
|
|
Term
| WHat happens if you treat toxins with antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| increases bacterial death and the release of the toxins so it makes it worse |
|
|
Term
| WHat are symptoms of endotoxic shock? |
|
Definition
| increased heart and respiratory rate, weakened pulse, dehydration, cold extremities, decrease in temp |
|
|
Term
| How to enterococci stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Enterococci characterized by? |
|
Definition
| lancefield group D, catalase negative, aerotolerant anaerobe |
|
|
Term
| What are the main species of enterococci in humans? |
|
Definition
| E. faecalisa and E. faecium |
|
|
Term
| What diseases does enterococci cause? |
|
Definition
| endocarditis and nosocomial sepsis |
|
|
Term
| What is enterococci resistant to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of viridans streptococci? |
|
Definition
| gram positive cocci in chains, alpha hemolytic (except strep pneumo) |
|
|
Term
| Where is viridans streptococci located? |
|
Definition
| mouth (oral streptococci) |
|
|
Term
| What diseases of the CV and L systems does staph aureus lead to? |
|
Definition
| sepsis and sndocarditis (acute and subacute) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of plague? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of yersinia pestis? |
|
Definition
| gram negative bacilli, facultative intrtacellular |
|
|
Term
| What does yersinia pestis cause? |
|
Definition
| bubonic and pneumonic plague |
|
|
Term
| What does pneumonic plague infect? bubonic? |
|
Definition
| lungs; get bubos in the armpit and groin |
|
|
Term
| How is pneumonic plague transferred? |
|
Definition
| human to human respiratory |
|
|
Term
| How is bubonic plague spread? |
|
Definition
| flea bites rat that has it and then human |
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors for plague? |
|
Definition
| 3 plasmids (YOP for attachment, one to cause disease in rat, one to stay alive in flea) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diganose yersinia pestis? |
|
Definition
| direct fluorescent antibody, culture, PCR |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat yersinia pestis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent yersinia pestis? |
|
Definition
| live attenuated vaccine, get rid of vector and reservoir |
|
|
Term
| What is Brucellosis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Brucellosis spread? |
|
Definition
| zoonotic (from animal to people) |
|
|
Term
| What is Brucellosis' gram stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of brucellosis? |
|
Definition
| undulant fever (spikes at night) |
|
|
Term
| How do you get brucellosis? |
|
Definition
| foodborne or expoure to diseased animal tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of anthrax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are teh chracteristics of bacillus anthracis? |
|
Definition
| gram positive, spore former, zoonotic |
|
|
Term
| What is teh gram stain of spore formers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of infections can anthrax cause? |
|
Definition
| cutaneus, iinhaled, gastrointestinal |
|
|
Term
| What type of anthrax is the most common? the most serious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax? |
|
Definition
| skin lesion, ruptures, scabs |
|
|
Term
| What does gastrointestinal anthrax result from? |
|
Definition
| undercooked food (meat) with spores |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of gastointestinal anthrax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you get inhalation anthrax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of inhalation anthrax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors for anthrax? |
|
Definition
| capsule, toxin (edema factors, lethal factor, protective antigen) |
|
|
Term
| What does the protective antigen in anthrax do? |
|
Definition
| binds tothe cell surface and i jects the factors into the cell |
|
|
Term
| What causes lymes disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape is borrelia burgdorferi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main symptom of limes diesaes? |
|
Definition
| target like rash (erythema chronicum migrans) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symtpoms of limes disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are complications of limes disease? why? |
|
Definition
| arthritis, heart disease, neurological; due to imune response to bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for limes diesae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is limes disease diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| signs/symptoms, ELISA, PCR |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat limes disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is tick-borne typhus known as? |
|
Definition
| rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
|
Term
| What is rocky mountain spotted fever caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria wont grow on articial medium? |
|
Definition
| rickettsia rickettsii and borellia burgdorferi |
|
|
Term
| What are the symtoms caused by rickettsia rickettsii? |
|
Definition
| rash on palms and soles of feet |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for rocky mountain spotted fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
