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Definition
| when 2 organisms live together |
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Definition
| if interaction is beneficial to both organisms (termites & protozoa; tube worms & chemolithotrophic) |
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Definition
| if interaction is positive for one and negative for the other (bacteria prey on bacteria) |
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Definition
| consists of microbes living in or on the human body |
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| largest population of microbes found in? |
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Definition
| large intestines; some may prevent infection by pathogens |
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Definition
| microbe that causes disease |
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Definition
| only cause disease in individuals with weakened immune system |
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Definition
| sources of infectious diseases |
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| how can diseases be transmitted? |
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Definition
| by air, but direct contact, contaminated objects, or by vectors (biting anthropods such as mosquitoes) |
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Definition
| degree of harm caused by pathogen |
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| factors that enhance virulence: |
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Definition
| substances that promote adherence & invasion of microbe in the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| some have AB structure in which B subunit bind to the cell and the A subunit is the toxin |
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Term
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Definition
neurotoxins, enterotoxins, & cytotoxins,
leukocidins & hemolysins cause damage to the cell membranes of white & red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| lipopolysaccharides & related substances that are weakly toxic in the body |
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Definition
| fever and are therefore called pyrogens |
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Term
| specific/acquired defenses |
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Definition
include both physical (intact skin) and chemical barriers (lysozyme, stomach acid)
also have nonspecific/innate defenses |
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Term
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Definition
| complements the activity of antibodies in providing defense against infection |
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Term
| complement systems consist of a series of...? |
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Definition
| proteins in the blood plasma that become activated by three different pathways |
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Term
| one pathway is activated by the formation of...? |
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Definition
| antibody-antigen complexes (classical pathway) |
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Term
| complement proteins are activated by a series of proteolytic events in which small proteins are generated that can function as what? |
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Definition
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Definition
| coat surfaces; enhance phagocytosis |
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Definition
| chemicals that recruit phagocytic cells to sites of infection |
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Term
| activation of complement results in the formation of...? |
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Definition
| the membrane attack complex |
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Term
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Definition
| hole in the plasma membrane of a target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small proteins produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) that have important functions in the immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| chemokines, interleukins, colony stimulating factors, tumor necrosis factor, interferons |
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Definition
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| colony stimulating factors |
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Definition
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Definition
| induces programmed cell death |
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Definition
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| all cells in the blood differentiate from what in the what? |
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Definition
| differentiate from stem cells in the bone marrow |
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Term
| differentiated cells found in bone marrow: |
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Definition
| RBCs, platelets, white blood cells (leukocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| granulocytes that have cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils), monocytes (macrophages), and lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells) |
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Term
| Granulocytes are also called what? why? |
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Definition
| also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because their nuclei have unusual shapes |
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Term
| what are the most abundant WBC? |
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Definition
| neutrophils (which are phagocytic cells) |
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Term
| what is another type of phagocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytic cells in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies (immunoglobulins) |
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Term
| T cells include TH cells that do what? |
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Definition
| provide help to B cells or marcophages |
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Term
| T cells also include TC cells that do what? |
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Definition
| are cytotoxic (can kill cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| natural killer cells that can kill some cancer cells and virally infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the lymph nodes where phagocytic cells can present antigens (foreign proteins) to T helper cells and contain B cells |
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| what filters blood in a similar way? |
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Definition
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Term
| T cells mature in the...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell engulfs foreign matter and brings it into cell in a endosome (phagosome) that fuses with lysosomes thereby exposing the foreign matter to lytic enzumes & low pH that promotes hydrolysis of macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs upon infection due to the release of vasoactive amines & cytokines in the sites of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| natural vs. artificial & active vs. passive |
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Term
| major histocompatability gene |
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Definition
MHC I found on all nucleated cells in the body
MHC II found only on antigen-presenting cells (macrophage, dendritic cells, B cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize antigenic peptides bound to MHC I |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize antigenic peptides bound to MHC II |
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Term
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Definition
| process external antigens by phagocytosis & preoteolysis; all other cells process internal antigens by proteolysis |
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Term
| T cells have T cell receptors that bind to: |
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Definition
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Term
| antigenic determinants (epitopes) |
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Definition
| small regions of antigens (foreign proteins) usually consisting of 4-6 amino acids |
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Term
| antibodies are immunoglobulins (Ig): |
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Definition
| these proteins bind to antigens with very high specificity |
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Term
| five classes of immunoglobulins: |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| fights infection by worms and protozoa |
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Definition
| most abundant Ig in blood plasma; crosses placenta to provide immunity to fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| first Ig made against antigens; pentameric |
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Term
| Each antibody molecule consists of what? |
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Definition
| two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains |
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Term
| Each antibody has two identical...? |
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Definition
| binding sites for antigen |
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Term
| There are many B cells in the body, each of which makes...? |
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Definition
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Term
| a B cell that makes an antibody that can bind to a foreign antigen in the body at a given time will be stimulated to...? |
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Definition
| divide (clonal selection) and many B cells will be made to produce lots of antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiated B cells that produce antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| memory B cells and memory T cells are responsible for |
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Definition
| long-term immunity (decades) |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses can occur due to the binding of antibodies to them |
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Term
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Definition
| takes about 10 days to commence; IgM made first and then IgG |
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Term
| secondary immune response |
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Definition
| rapid production of IgG to very high levels |
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Term
| immunoglobulin genes rearrange to yield: |
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Definition
| the functional genes for both heavy chains and light chains |
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Term
| what contributes to the enormous diversity of antibodies? |
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Definition
| specific gene segments that recombine, the junctional diversity in recombination, and subsequent mutations in these genes |
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Term
| B cells have what that acts as the B cell receptor for antigen? |
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Definition
| surface immunoglobulin (IgM and IgD) |
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Term
| Antibodies can change from one class to another by a secondary gene rearrangement called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unique immunoglobulins made by the fusion of a B cell and a myeloma (cancer) cell |
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Term
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Definition
| large complex of many antibodies & antigens that precipitates out of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| clumping of cells that can be promoted by the binding of antibodies to cell-surface antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| aberrant immune responses that are classified into four types |
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Term
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Definition
| include allergies and are mediated by IgE binding to granulocytes and causing release of vasoactive amines (such anaphylaxis can be either local or systemic; potentially fatal) |
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Term
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Definition
| are cytotoxic; include blood transfusion incompatibility & hymolytic disease of the newborn (Rh incompatibility b/n mother & fetus) |
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Term
| type III hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| immune complex diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
| delayed type reactions (2-4 days)& include rxns to poison oak & tuberculin antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic problems w/ the immune system that are characterized by type II or III hypersensitivities |
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Term
| transplants can be rejected when there is an incompatibility with...? |
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Definition
| MHC I or other cell surface antigens |
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Term
| what type of incompatibility can occur upon bone marrow transplantation |
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Definition
| graft versus host disease |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occurring substances with antimicrobial properties (can be broad-range or narrow-range) |
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Term
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Definition
| first antibiotic to be discovered by fleming; produced by a fungus |
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Term
| what are sources of many antibiotics such as streptomycin? |
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Definition
| gram positive bacteria (actinomycetes) |
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Term
| the general mechanisms of action of penicillins and cephalosporins |
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Definition
| are inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis |
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Term
| examples of cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors |
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Definition
| quinolones; rifampin; erythromycin; tetracyline; streptomycin; sulfanilamide; trimethoprim |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| metabolism of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| polymyxin B and amphotericin B |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses paper discs containing antibiotics to observe inhibition of bacterial growth on plate |
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Term
| resistance to antibiotics |
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Definition
| is a major health problem; bacteria can acquire & exchange genes for antibiotic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| technique using antibodies with fluorescent molecules covalently attached to observe antigen in a microscopic specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| fluorescent molecule is attached directly to the antibody |
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Term
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Definition
fluorescent molecule is attached to a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody (antibody that binds to antigen)
secondary antibodies are anti-antibody antibodies that are raised in a different species from the primary antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| clumping of cells or latex beads due to cross-linking with antibodies that bind to antigens on their surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) |
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Definition
| test that uses an enzyme for detection; enzyme catalyzes a rxn in which a colorless substrate is converted to a colored product |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme attached to an antibody, either the primary antibody for direct or secondary antibody for indirect |
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Term
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Definition
| test for protein antigens that are separated by size by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; proteins blotted onto membrane & specific antigens are detected by binding an antibody w/ detection molecule attached |
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Term
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Definition
| technique used to detect antigens on the surface of cells (especially WBCs) using antibodies with fluorescent tags |
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Term
| incidence & prevalence of disease |
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Definition
| refer to new cases & total cases, respectively normalized to 100,000 people |
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Term
| centers for disease control & prevention |
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Definition
| in atlanda, GA; is US center for epidemiological data; world health organization in Geneva, Switzerland is the world-wide organization |
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Definition
| peak rapidly versus propagated diseases |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| many diseases that are new to medicine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
measles, mumps, & rubella
diphtheria, pertussis, & tetanus
vaccines given to children |
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Definition
| might be used as biological weapons (smallpox or anthrax) |
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Definition
| fungal infections that are classified according to the site of infection as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic |
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Definition
| usually occur only in immunocompromised people |
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Definition
| infectious protein particles that cause progressive degeneration of the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| biting anthropods such as mosquitoes that transmit some diseases |
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