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Definition
| the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism |
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Definition
| is the energy releasing process |
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Definition
| is the energy using process |
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Definition
| is a sequence of enzymatically chemical reactions in a cell |
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| metabolic pathways are determined by |
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Definition
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| enzymes are encoded by what |
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Definition
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Definition
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| enzymes can be denatured by |
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Definition
high temps
extreme pH levels |
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Term
| Factors that influence enzyme activity |
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Definition
temp,
pH level,
substrate concentration,
competitive and non-competitive inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| is the removal of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| is an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the phosphorylation of ADP |
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Definition
| an organism (cell) that requires molecular oxygen (O2) to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism (cell) that does not use molecular oxygen and is killed in the presence of O2. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism (cell) that can grow with or without molecular oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in number of cells, not cell size |
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Term
| physical requirements of cell growth |
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Definition
temperature,
pH levels,
osmotic pressure |
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Term
| chemical requirements of growth |
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Definition
| carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| most bacteria grows between what pH level |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypertonic environments, increase salt or sugar, and causes |
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Definition
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Term
| Atom that is responsible for structural organic molecules, energy source |
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Definition
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Term
| Atom that is in amino acids, proteins. Most bacteria decompose proteins as source |
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Definition
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Term
| Atom that is in amino acids, thiamine, biotin. Most bacteria decompose proteins as source |
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Definition
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Term
| Atom that is in DNA, RNA, ATP, and membranes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamins, amino acids, purines (the bases in RNA/DNA), pyrimidines (the bases in RNA/DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| introduction of microbes into medium |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes growing in/on culture medium |
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Term
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Definition
-Complex polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate)
-Liquefies at 100°C solidifies ~40°C |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| Make it easy to distinguish colonies of different microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| Encourages growth of desired microbe |
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Term
| Preserving Bacteria Cultures |
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Definition
Deep-freezing: -50°to -95°C
Lyophilization (freeze-drying): Frozen (-54° to -72°C) and dehydrated in a vacuum
Cryocare beads: freeze at -80°C |
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Term
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Definition
| intense activity, preparing for population growth, but no increase in population |
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Term
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Definition
| logarithmic, or exponential, increase in population |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of equilibrium; microbial deaths balance production of new cells |
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Term
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Definition
| population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to microbial contamination |
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Term
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Definition
| is the absence of significant contamination |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques that prevent microbial contamination of wounds |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of all microbial life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removal of pathogens from living tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of microbes from a small area |
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Term
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Definition
| lower microbial counts on eating utensils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibiting, not killing, bacteria |
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Term
| effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment depends on |
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Definition
-number of microbes
-environment
-time of exposure
-microbial characteristics |
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Term
| thermal death point (TDP) |
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Definition
| lowest temp at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10min |
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Term
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Definition
| time to kill all cells in a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
inhibits microbial growth
(refrigeration, deep freezing, lyophilization) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
prevents metabolism
-does not necessarily kill organisms |
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Definition
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| principles of effective disinfection |
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Definition
| concentration of disinfectant, organic matter (presence/absence), pH, time |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| all the genetic material in a cell or population |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| is the enzyme that replicates DNA |
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Term
| DNA is transcribed to make |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any change in the genetic material (DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral, beneficial, or harmful |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that causes mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| occur in the absence of a mutagen |
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Term
| Ionizing radiation (X rays and gamma rays) |
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Definition
| causes the formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Positive (direct) selection |
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Definition
| detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different |
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Term
| Negative (indirect) selection |
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Definition
| detects mutant cells because they do not grow |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs during reproduction, between generations of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation |
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Term
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Definition
-Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules
-Crossing over occurs when two chromosomes break and rejoin |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid |
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Term
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Definition
| encodes enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| encode antibiotic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
-Segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another
-Contain insertion sequences for cutting and resealing DNA (transposase) |
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