Term
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Definition
| All the genetic information that defines and organism |
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Term
Vertical Gene transmission
Horizontal Gene transmission |
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Definition
- Vertical: parent to child
- Horizontal: transfer of small pieces of Dna from one cell to another.
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Term
| Structural gene vs DNA control sequence |
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Definition
- structural gene: RNA, DNA, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
- DNA control sequence: method of direction.
- regulator, promter, terminator or operator.
- DOES NOT CODE RNA
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Term
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Definition
- functional unit of gene
- works idependently of other
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Term
| DNA is a polymer of 4 deoxynucleotides which are _____,______ _____ and ____. |
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Definition
Purine
A: Adenine
G: Guanine
Pyrimidine
C: cytisine
t: thymine |
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Term
| DNA strands come together in a _____ fashion. |
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Definition
- Antiparallel
(forming a double helix) |
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Term
| What is Topoisomerase and why is it important to DNA replication? |
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Definition
- Topoisomerase: imporant enzyme in DNA replication
-changes DNA supercoiling
-binds to each single-stranded or double-stranded DNA and cuts the phophate backbone. |
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Term
| Replication begins at a single ______ site and ends at a _____ site. |
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Definition
- origin of replication (OriC)
-ends at termination site |
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Term
| 6 Enzymes of DNA replication and their function |
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Definition
1. Helicase: unwinds the helix
2. DNA primase: synthesizes (lays down) RNA primer
3. DNA pol III: replication enzyme (elongation, does not fall off)
4. RNase H: removes primer (digests the RNA)
5. DNA Pol I: replaces primer (fills in RNA hole)
6. DNA gyrase: relieved supercoiling (topoisomerase) |
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Term
| DNA is polmerized in the _____ direction |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA synthesis is primed with a ____ primer and is template dependent. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leading strand is synthesized ______ while lagging strand is ______. |
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Definition
- continuously
-discontinuously-- produces Okazake fragments. |
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Term
| Segments of DNA are joined by DNA _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is polymerized in the ______ direction by DNA polmerase. However, DNA polymerase has an exonuclease activity and can proofread. What does that mean? |
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Definition
-5'-3'
-proofread: endonucleases cleaves at specific recognition cells to keep foreign DNA out. |
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Term
| Define Plasmid and why they are advantageous to have |
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Definition
- plasmid: extragenomic piece of DNA
- needs host proteins to replicate.
Advantageous because....
- resistant to antibioticspathogenesis
- symbiosis
- CAN BE TRANSFERED BETWEEN CELLS. (Transformation of naked DNA)
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Term
| PCR- What does it stand for and how does it work? |
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Definition
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
-ultimate goal is to produce multiple fragmetns of one size DNA
- DNA polymerase is primer and template dependant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - decode RNA to make protein. |
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Term
| core polymerase vs sigma factor |
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Definition
core polymerase: required for the elongation phase (beta prime, better, a thing)
sigmafactor: detects the promotor at the beginning of each gene. required for initiation |
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Term
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Definition
| promotor: signals the beginning of a gene |
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Term
| RNA is polymerized in the ____ direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 phrases of transciption? |
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Definition
1. initiation: holoenzyme binds to promotor
2. elongation
3. termination |
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Term
| Rho-dependent vs Rho-independent termination |
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Definition
Rho-dependent: must have rho protein
rho-independent: doesnt require the rho-protein, creates a stem loop to initate termination |
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Term
| Antibiotics that inhibit transciption are_______ |
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Definition
Rifamycin B: binds to bacterial RNA polymerase
Actinomycin D: binds to DNA to inhibit elongation. NONSELECTIVE |
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Term
| Define mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and their half life |
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Definition
-mRNA: messenger RNA- encdes proteins. Half life: 3-5 minutes
-rRNA: robosoma RNA- forms ribosomes 3 types. HL: hours
tRNA: transfer RNA- shuttiles amino acids : 27 types half life: hours
easier to work with when they last long term |
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Term
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Definition
| codon: nucleotide triplets |
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Term
| Translation begins at the ______ codon and stops at the _____ codon |
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Definition
| - start codon and stop codon |
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Term
| The genetic code is ______ or _____ because ________. |
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Definition
| degenerate or redundant becuase multile codons can encode the same amino acid |
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Term
| Know what A P and E stand for in the EPA sites of the chromosomes |
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Definition
3 binding sites for tRNA
1. A (acceptor) site: binds incoming aminoacyl-tRNA
2. P (peptidyl-tRNA): harbors the tRNA with a growing polypeptide chain
3. E (exit) site: binds a tRNa recently stripped of its polypeptide |
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Term
| Bacterial transcription and translation are _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
Mode of Action for Antibiotics:
strep
tetra
chloram
efr |
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Definition
StreptomycinL inhibits 70s robosome formation
tetracycline: inhbitis aminoacyl- tRNA binding to the A site
chloramphenicol: inhibits peptidyiltransferase
erythromycin causes abortive translocation |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of importing free DNA into bacterial cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fertility factor: Donor (F+) recipient (F-) end with (F+ and F+) |
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Term
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Definition
when you take one cell to another and the DNA is integrated into the chromosome
High Frequency Recombination
capable of transferring chromosome parts into the cell |
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Term
| Gernalized vs Specialized Transducton |
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Definition
Generalized Transduction: transfers DNa to recipent cells
specialized: transfers only a frew linked gene. (packaged) THIS IS HOW BACTERIA EVOLVE: antibiotic resistance is caused by this. |
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Term
| generalized vs site specific recombination |
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Definition
generalized: uses a huge amount of hologous DNA
site specific: small sequence of DNA- phase variation changes how it looks on the outside (flagellin) |
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Term
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Definition
-point mutation: change in a single base
-Instertion: (addition) deletion (subtraction)
-inversion
-diverson
-silent mutation: does not change the amino acid
-missense utation cahnges the amino acid dequence to another
-nonsense mutation: cahnge amino acid to stop codon
-frameshift mutation: changes the open-reading frame of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
- move DNA from one molecule to another.
-can move within or between
-insertion sequence: simple transposable elemes that contain a transposse gene |
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