Term
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Definition
| Removal of all microbial life |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of pathogens & lowering of microbial numbers |
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Term
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Definition
Steam under pressure
(usu. 121 C at 15 psi)
Used for medical and lab materials
Kills nearly all microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
kills by oxidation
Flaming
Incineration
Hot-air sterilization
Dry heat takes longer than moist |
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Term
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Definition
| removes microbes (does not kill them) |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents metabolism temporarily (microbes) |
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Term
| Osmotic pressure (salting) |
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Definition
| causes plasmolysis —less effective on fungi |
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Term
| Phenol & Bisphenol (disinfectants) |
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Definition
| Effective antimicrobials, but some are toxic to humans (e.g., endocrine disruptors) |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| (sets of 3 nucleotides) code for amino acids, which strung together make proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic information is transferred between cells of the same generation |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the genetic material in a cell (for bacteria, this includes the chromosome + plasmids) |
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Term
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Definition
| Small circles of DNA found in bacteria. Can be transferred ‘horizontally’ or ‘vertically’ |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs during reproduction between generations of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of genes between cells of the same generation. |
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Term
| Transduction (horizontal transfer) |
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Definition
| DNA is carried by a virus |
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Term
| Transformation (horizontal transfer) |
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Definition
| DNA is transferred in solution |
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Term
| Conjugation (horizontal transfer) |
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Definition
| Requires cell-to-cell contact |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product. |
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Term
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology |
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Definition
| Insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that cuts specific sequences of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA molecule that carries new DNA to desired cell (Plasmids and viruses can be used as vectors). |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
Used to “amplify” DNA, i.e. make lots and lots of copies of a piece of DNA, enzymatically
Useful for:
Amplifying DNA to detectable or useful levels
Detecting pathogens
Diagnosing genetic diseases
(among other things) |
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