Term
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Definition
| the study of all features of the body's second and third defenses |
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Term
| white blood cells evaluate ___ by examining ___ made of ___. |
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Definition
| cells, markers, proteins and/or sugars |
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Term
| systems involved in immune defense |
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Definition
| intra/extracellular, lymphatic, cerebrospinal, circulatory |
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Term
| body compartments involved in immune defense |
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Definition
| reticuloendothelial system (RES), spaces containing extracellular fluid, blood system, lymphatic system |
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Term
| immune function of the RES |
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Definition
| provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs. coexist with the mononuclear phagocyte system. |
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Term
| circulatory system components |
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Definition
| circulatory system proper, lymphatic system |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from unclotted blood. contains 92% water. rest is albumin and globulins, immunochemicals, hormones, waste |
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Term
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Definition
| cells develop the specialized form and function of mature cells |
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Term
| location of hematopoiesus |
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Definition
| embryo, fetus- yolk sac, liver adult- bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| aka polymorphonuclear nutrophils PMN, main function is phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
attack and destroy pathogens
involved in inflammation and allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
parallel eosinophils.
attack and destroy pathogens
involved in inflammation and allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood phagocytes that rapidly leave circulation and turn into macrophages and dendric cells |
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Term
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Definition
| key in 3rd line of defense. when stimulated by antigens, transform into T and B cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| B cells carried in the fluids of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce specialized plasma cells which produce antibodies. form in bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| when T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from stem cells in marrow, no nucleus, transport oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| no whole cells, function primarily in hemostasis and in releasing chemicals for blood clotting and inflammation |
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Term
| lymphatic system major function |
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Definition
| provide additional route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system |
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Term
| lymphatic system major function |
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Definition
| act as drain-off system for the inflammatory response |
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Term
| lymphatic system major function |
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Definition
| survelliance, recognition and protection against foreign materials |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma-like fluid formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into the extracellular spaces and diffuse into the lymphatic capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| one direction only- from extremities toward the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue GALT, tonsils, loose connective tissue framework that houses aggregationd of lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| usually found in clusters along the lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| axillary nodes, inguinal nodes, cervical nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| high rates of activity and growth until puberty, then shrinks in adulthood. site of T cell maturation |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchial associated lymph tissue BALT, mucosal associated lumph tissue MALT, bronchial associated lymph tissue BALT |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical- sweat, tears, mucous, wax, stomach enzymes. physical- skin, hair. genetic components- mutations (sickle cell), genetic immunity (fvrcp vs mumps) |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, compliment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fifth symptom of inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of inflammation |
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Definition
| mobilize and attract immune components to injured site, start mechanisms to repair tissue, contain/destroy microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| 1- injury 2- vascular reaction 3- edema/pus formation 4- resolution/scar formation |
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Term
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Definition
| aka chemokines. mediator that affects WBC during early inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by WBC and tissue to mediate immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that escapes through gaps in the walls of postcapillary vessels. causes edema |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma proteins, blood cells, cellular debris. may be clear (serous) or contain RBC or pus |
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Term
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Definition
| migration of cells across an endothelial wall |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of WBC to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| dilutes toxins, fibrin clot can trap microbes to prevent spread, phagocytosis occurs immediately |
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Term
| late reactions of inflammation |
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Definition
| attracts monocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages. macrophages clear pus, debris, damaged tissue, etc. B lymphocytes make antibodies. T lymphocytes kill intruders. tissue repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| circulating substance that sets the hypothalmic "thermostat" up. muscles increase heat production, peripheral arteriols constrict. can be endo/exogenous. |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits temp sensitive microbes, reduces available iron, increases host metabolism and immune reactions, speeds up hematopoiesis, phagocytosis and specific immune response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| survey, ingest and eliminate microbes, injured or dead cells, particulates. extract immunogenic info (antigens) from foreign matter |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of coating to enhance phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| small protein naturally produced by the WBC and tissue cells. involved in immune regulation against viruses, microbes. also for intercommunication. bind to cell surfaces and induce genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
| interferon alpha, interferon beta, interferon gamma |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of at least 26 blood proteins that work in conjunction to destroy bacteria and certain viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequential physiological reaction in which the first substance activates the next, which activates the next and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| classical, Lectin, Alternative |
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Term
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Definition
| doesnt require an antibody |
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Term
| function of compliment pathways |
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Definition
| inflammation, attraction on neutrophils, opsonization, cell lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| usually requres the presence of an antibody. FAST |
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Term
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Definition
| activated when mannan in present. LEADS TO CLASSICAL |
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Term
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Definition
| begins when proteins bind to normal cell wall/surface of microbes. SLOW |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally acquired- active/infection, passive/maternal antibodies. artificially acquired- active/vaccination, passive/immune serum |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the body to react with myriad foreign substances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 characterizations of the third line of defense |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 main stages of immunologic development and interaction |
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Definition
| 1-lymphcyte development and differentiation. 2-presentation of antigens. 3-T, B lymphocytes challenged by antigens. 4-B lymphs production of antibodies. 5-T lymphocyte responce. |
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Term
| stages of antigen response |
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Definition
| 1-foreign cell enters tissue 2-phagocytes migrate 3-macrophage ingests pathogen, becomes antigen presenting cell 4-dendric cells and helper T cells ingest antigen and migrate to lymphoid organs |
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Term
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Definition
| B cells that have divided in order to retain antibodies for possible future infections |
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Term
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Definition
| T helper cells 1- activate macrophages, cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells- destroy infected host cells and "foreign" cells. T helper cells 2- assist B cell processes. |
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Term
| Major functions of immune system receptors |
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Definition
| attachment to foreign antigens, binding to cell surfaces that represent self (MHC), recieve/transmit chemical messages, aid in cellular development |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulation of only the B cells that carry antibodies that react with specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-clonal selection 2-capping and internalization 3-division into plasma cells and memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| progeny of B cells that create antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| class of chemicals that are released from host cells that have an effect on immunity |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex MHC |
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Definition
| set of genes that code for human cell receptors. give rise to a series of glycoproteins (MHC molecules) found on all but red blood cells |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex MHC |
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Definition
| aka human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex MHC classes |
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Definition
| class1- code for markers that display unique characteristics of self. 2-present antigens to T cells in immune rxns, code for receptors found on macrophages, dendric and B cells. 3-encode proteins for compliment system |
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Term
| proliferation of T and B cells |
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Definition
| does not require the presence of antigens; by the time they reach the lymphoid tissue, each will only respond to a single unique antigen due to gene rearrangement on the antigen receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocyte specificity is preprogrammed in our genetic makeup; each lymphycyte expresses only a single specificity and can react with only one antigen |
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Term
| preventing self reactions |
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Definition
| any clones that react to self are destroyed during development through clonal deletion |
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Term
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Definition
| large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the antigen receptors of B cells and as antibodies when secreted. shaped like Y. |
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Term
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Definition
Y shaped. end of forks contain pockets called antigen binding sites. inside of pockets called variable regions V.
antigen receptors on B cells and act as
antibodies when secreted |
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Term
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Definition
| bone marrow harbors stromal cells. stromal cells nurture lymphocyte stem cells and provide chemical signals that initiate B cell development |
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Term
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Definition
| directed by the thymus gland and its hormones. mature T cells express either CD4(h) or CD8(c) co-receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to MHC class II, expressed on T helper cells |
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Term
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Definition
| found on cytotoxic T cells. binds to MHC class I on antigen presenting cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| the property od behaving like an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that provokes an immune response in specific lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| antigen Ag characteristics |
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Definition
| percieved as foreign, complex molecules are more immunogenic. Catagorized into: proteins and polypeptides, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| a part/portion of an antigen molecule. the only part that a lymphocyte will respond to. |
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Term
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Definition
| very complex with numerous component parts, each of which elicit a separate lymphocyte response |
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Term
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Definition
| small foreign molecules that consist of only a determinant group. if linked to a larger carrier molecule, then the combination develops immunogenicity, otherwise too small to elicit a response |
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Term
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Definition
| cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial toxins, potent stimuli for T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| antigens that evoke allergic reactions |
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Term
| antigen presenting cell APC |
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Definition
| cells that act upon and formally present antigens to lymphocytes. ie macrophages, B cells, dendric cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| APC activates CD4 T helper cell in the lymph nodes-> binds to MHC class II, binds to antigen, binds to CD4 molecule. After identification, an APC molecule activates the T helper cell->produces interleukin-2(IL-2). T helper cell activates B cells. |
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Term
| function of the Fc fragment |
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Definition
| Fc end contains an effector protein that can bind to receptors on the membranes of cells. the effect of this binding is dependent upon the cells role |
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Term
| cell-mediated immunity CMI |
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Definition
| require direct involvement of T lymphocytes throughout the course of the reaction, but the T cells need some type of MHC recognition first. they then stimulate other T/B cells and phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| mature T cells in lymphoid organs will only recognize antigens when associated with specific MHC-I or MHC-II complex. Activated T cells then diffenentiate into the subsets. helper1, helper2, cytotoxic. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by T helper cells. stimulates the primary growth and activation of many types of T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by some T helper cells. stimulate various B cell activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes activated when it recognizes a foreign peptide complexed with self MHC-I presented from antigen presenting cell |
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Term
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Definition
| secrets perforins and granzymes. targets include: virally infected cells, cancer cells, cells from other animals/humans |
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Term
| natural killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| related to T cells, lack specificity for antigens, circulate through spleen, blood, lungs. probably 1st to attack cancer cells and virus-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| active immunity, passive immunity, natural immunity, artificial immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe. flu virus |
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Term
| passive natural immunity. |
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Definition
| passed down immunity made by another person. mother to child. |
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Term
| active artificial immunity. |
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Definition
| consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe. vaccine. |
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Term
| passive artificial immunity |
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Definition
| passed down immunity made by another person. immune serum globulin |
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Term
| immune serum globulin ISG |
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Definition
| aka gamma globulin. contains Ig from at least 1000 human donors. injected IM. usually last 2-3 months. ideal for prevention of measles, hep A, and replacing antibodies |
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Term
| specific immune globulin SIG |
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Definition
| more defined group of donors, obtained from hyperimmune patients after infections, contain higher titers of specific antibodies. |
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Term
| antisera and antitoxins of animal origin |
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Definition
| can be used when a himan immune globulin is not available. ie. diphtheria, botulism, spider/snake bites |
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Term
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Definition
| exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic. stimulates primary and secondary immune response. |
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Term
| checklist for effective vaccines |
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Definition
| low level side effects/toxicity, protect from wild forms of pathogen, stimulate T and B cells, produce memory, not many boosters, inexpensive |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic material from an infectious agent is inserted into a live nonpathogenic microbe. recombiant microbe multiplies and expresses foreign genes-> immunization against pathogenic microbe |
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Term
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Definition
| plasmids from microbe are injected and insert themselves into host DNA. during replication, the body recognizes foreign proteins and sensitizes B and T cells and form memory cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| special binding substance in some vaccines. enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen rentention at injection site |
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Term
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Definition
| with larger parts of the population immunized, infection rate become lessened because the agent is not as likely to encounter the unvaccinated members |
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Term
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Definition
| state that results when the infection damages or disrupts tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| used to identify the microbial profile on and inside humans |
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Term
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Definition
| when resident biota benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by biota that are already present in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| microbe whose relationship with the host is parasitic and results in infection and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| an organisms potential to cause infection or disease |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of causing disease in healthy individuals with normal immune defenses |
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Term
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Definition
| cause disease when hosts defenses are compromised or established in part of the body that is not natural to them |
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Term
| hosts more susceptable to pathogens |
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Definition
| the elderly and the very young, the immune compromised, surgical/transplant patients, those with physical or mental stress |
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Term
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Definition
| any characteristic or structure of a microbe that contributes to its pathogenicity |
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Term
| virulence is determined by |
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Definition
| its ability to establish itself in the host, cause damage |
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Term
| virulence factor examples |
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Definition
| capsul,spikes, excotoxins, adhesion factors, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins and antiphagocytic factors, fibriae |
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Term
| steps to microbial establishment |
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Definition
| 1- approptiate portal of entry 2- adhesion to host 3- surviving host defenses |
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Term
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Definition
| originating from outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| already existing on or in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| S. aureus, S. pyogenes, herpes simplex 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| salmonella, shigella, giardia |
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Term
| infectious agents/respiratory |
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Definition
| meningitis, measles, mumps |
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Term
| intectious agents/urogenital |
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Definition
| syphillis, gonorrhea, herpes |
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Term
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Definition
| toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegallovirus, herpes |
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Term
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Definition
| the quantity of microbes required for infection to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| leukocidins- toxic to WBC, extracellular surface layer- make it difficult for phagocytes to engulf ex. slime layer, capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| break down and inflict damage on tissues or dissolve hosts defense barriers. usually end in -ase |
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Term
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Definition
| the power to produce toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| a variety of diseases caused by toxogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
| toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| toxinoses caused by ingestion of toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic in minute amounts, unstable at 60C, stimulate antitoxins, secreted from live cell |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic in large amounts, stable at 60C, does not stimulate antitoxins, released via cell sheddind or cell lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| localized, systemic, focal, mixed, primary or secondary |
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Term
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Definition
| objective evidence of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective evidence of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| when a disease can be identified by certain signs and symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| state in which microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes are present in the blood, but are not multiplying |
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Term
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Definition
| dormant state, but can become active |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs |
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Term
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Definition
| primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired |
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Term
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Definition
| asymptomatic, incubation carriers, convalescent, chronic, passive |
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Term
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Definition
| actively participates in the pathogens life cycle while transmitting |
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Term
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Definition
| transports infection without being infected |
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Term
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Definition
| infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmits to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| when an infected host can transmit disease to another host- host to host |
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Term
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Definition
| disease transmission acquired through special circumstances- contact with soil |
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Term
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Definition
| infections acquired or developed during a hospital stay |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| find evidence of microbe in disease cases, isolate, cultivate, re-innoculate/observe, re-isolate |
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Term
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Definition
| study of frequency and distribution of disease in defined human populations |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of existing cases with respect to an entire population |
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Term
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Definition
| number of new cases over a time period |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of deaths in a population in results to a certain disease |
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Term
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Definition
| number of persons infliceted with infectious diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time in a particular region |
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Term
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Definition
| occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locals |
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Term
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Definition
| the disease is increasing beyond what is expected for that population |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of an epidemic across continent |
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