Term
Oral Thrush
Esophagitis
Vulvovaginitis
Diaper Rash
in immunocompromised |
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Definition
Candida Albicans
Will be able to scrape off. Will leave an area of raw mucosa.
Itchiness in vagina, in acidic environment
Diaper rash - satellite lesions
Immunocompromised:
AIDS/HIV
Neonates
inhaled corticosteroids (asthmatics) |
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Term
| Treatment for candida, superficial and systemic |
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Definition
Superficial: Nystatin, fluconazole
Systemic: Amphotericin B, fluconazole, echinofungins |
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Term
Can cause meningitis in AIDS, with soap bubble legions in brain
Grown on sabaroud's agar |
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Definition
Cryptococcus Neoformans
Narrow based budding
Found in soil and pigeon droppings
Stained via India Ink
Sabaroud's agar (for fungus) |
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Term
| Treament for Cryptococcus Neoformans |
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Definition
| Amphotericin B and Flucytazine followed by Fluconazole |
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Term
Causes pneumonia in AIDS patients.
Identified by methenamine silver stain of lung |
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Definition
Pneumocystis jiroveci aka
Pneumocystis pneumoniae (PCP)
Causes atypical "walking" pneumonia
Interstitial infiltrates looks like ground glass appearance
Diffuse interstitial pneumonia |
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Term
| Treament for Pneumocystic pneumonia |
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Definition
| Prophylaxis when AIDS <200 cell count |
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Term
Causes fungus ball from lung cavities immunocompromised individuals
Grows molds narrow septate hypae at acute angles (in a V shape) |
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Definition
Aspergillus fumigatus
Mold, not a dimorphic fungi |
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Term
Broad irregularly shaped nonseptate hyphae in wide angle branching growth
Seen in Diabetic DKA, or leukemia patients |
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Definition
Mucor and rhizopus
Causes rhinocerebral mucormycosis:
Grows in blood vessel walls that love to cause necrosis (black eschars). Will cause headache and nasal cavity lesions |
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Term
| Treament for Mucormycosis invasion |
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Definition
| Surgical debridement and amphotericin B |
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Term
| Yeast that causes hypo/hyper pigmented spots on the body, usually around shoulders and upper back |
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Definition
Malassezia furfur (tinea versicolor)
Histology:
Spaghetti and meatballs |
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Term
| Treatment for Tinea versicolor |
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Definition
| Topical azoles or selenium sulfide |
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Term
| Ringworm (dermatophyte) causes |
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Definition
Tinea Pedis (foot)
Tinea cruris (groin)
Tinea corpus (body)
Tinea capitis (head) |
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Term
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Definition
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidiomycosis
Paracoccidiomycosis
Can cause non-caseous granuloma formation
Cold mold
Heat yeast (37 celcius)
Treatment:
Local - ketoconazole
Systemic - Amphotericin B |
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Term
| Fungus that is located in Mississipi/Ohio areas with bird or bat droppings |
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Definition
Histoplasmosis
Engulfed in lung macrophages
Macrophage filled with histoplasma (histo hides), which are smaller than RBC |
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Term
| States east of Missippi and goes up to Canada. Can also involve skin and bone |
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Definition
Blastomyces dermatiditis (
Enters via pulmonary route, and also involves skin and bone.
Histology:
Broad based budding, and roughly the same size as a RBC |
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Term
Found in Southwestern United States
Found in the soil. |
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Definition
Coccioides immitis (coccidiodomycosis)
"Valley Fever"
Disease incidence increases after sandstorm/earthquakes
Spherules grow and endospores inside grow larger and larger
Spherules are much bigger than RBC |
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Term
Fungus found in Latin America
Histology has a "captain wheel shape" |
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Definition
Paracoccidioides (paracoccidioidomycosis)
Progresses widely. Severe pneumonia, and granulomatous changes in the skin. |
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Term
| Dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation. Transmitted through traumatic penetration to skin (thorn prick) |
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Definition
Sporothrix schenckii
Causes ulcer, nodules appear along draining lymphatics.
Tx: Itraconazole or potassium iodide
"plant a rose in a pot" |
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Term
| Infections associated with birds |
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Definition
Cryptococcus
Histoplasma
Chlamydophila Psittaci
West Nile Virus
H5N1 avian influenza |
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Term
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Definition
Pediculosis Capitis (head)
Pediculosis pubis (groin)
Nits borrow around the hair follicle
Scalp pruritis around neck/hair
Crab lice transmitted STD, should often be screened with STDs
Tx: 1% permethrin cream or pyrethrin for 10min and rinse
Ivermectin
Lindane not used because of neurotoxicity |
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Term
| Itchiness around the webbing of fingers, penis and |
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Definition
Sarcoptes Scabiae (scabes)
Noreigian scabes - causes hyperkeratotic crusted scab
Tx: Permethrin or Ivermectin |
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Term
| Transmitted at night during sleep with a blood meal |
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Definition
Bed Bugs
Doesn't transmit any disease, merely a nuisance |
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Term
| Drug for fungal infection that binds to ergosterol. Can cause nephrotoxicity |
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Definition
Amphotericin B
Binds ergosterol to form membrane pores to allows leakage of electrolytes
Major Toxicity:
Nephrotoxicity
Given IV |
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Term
| Drug used for superficial candidiasis |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that inhibits the synthesis of ergosterols |
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Definition
Azoles:
Fluconazole
Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole
Inhibits the P450 enzyme that converts enosterol to ergosterol
Can use it topically, orally or intravenously for infections
Fluconazole good for HIV/AIDs patients with cryptococcal meningitis (crosses the BBB)
Voriconazole - active against aspergillus
Posiconazole - refractive against mucor
Toxicity:
Will block synthesis of human hormones, such as cortisol. Will cause gynomastia and impotence
Will also block human P450, causing hepatotoxicity |
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Term
| Conversion to 5-Fluorouracil |
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Definition
Flycytosine
Used in combination with amphotericin B for systemic fungal infections
Cause bone marrow suppression |
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Term
| Inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of B-1,2D Glucan |
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Definition
Echinocandins:
Caspofungin
Aspergillosis, "casp for asp" |
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Term
| Inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase of the fungal wall membrane |
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Definition
Terbinafine
Used topically for tx of tinea and dermatophytes
Toxicity: GI dysfunction and hepatotoxicity |
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Term
| Targets microtubule infunction and therefore inhibits mitosis |
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Definition
Griseofulvin
Deposits in keratin containing tissues
Toxicity: Teratogenic, carcinogenic
CYP450 INDUCER which will increases warfarin metabolism |
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