Term
| Physical Methods of Control |
|
Definition
| Heat Treatment
Irradiation
Filtration
Mechanical Removing |
|
|
Term
| Chemical Methods of Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highest Resistance Microbial Form |
|
Definition
Endospores, Prions
Ex) Bacillus anthracis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nakes Viruses
ex) Hepatitis A Virus
&
Acid Fast bacteria
ex) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vegetative Cells
ex) E. coli
&
Enveloped Viruses
ex) HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| >removal or destruction of ALL microorganisms, including endospores and viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process that eliminates MOST OR ALL of disease causing microorganisms ON OR IN a material
(you can still have viable microorganisms present) |
|
|
Term
| Antiseptic
VS
Disinfectant |
|
Definition
antiseptic- made for animate (living) surfaces, such as skin and are usually weaker
Disinfectant- made for inanimate surfaces, and is usually stronger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of a BRIEF HEAT treatment to REDUCE SPOILAGE and kill disease causing organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substantially reducing a microbial population to a level that meets accepted health standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delaying food spoilage by adding growth inhibiting substances or using altered storage conditions
acids in foods/ refridgeration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibition and reduction of bacteria, without actually killing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| permenant termination of an organisms vital processes
(think ability to reproduce) |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect death rate of microogansisms |
|
Definition
| 1. number of microbes
2. type of microbes (endospores? virus?)
3. temp pH of environment
4. concentration of chemical treatment
5. mode of action of treatment
6. presence of organic matter
|
|
|
Term
| 4 Cellular Targets of Physical/ Chemical Agents |
|
Definition
| Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
DNA/ RNA synthesis
Proteins
|
|
|
Term
| Effect of agents on CELL WALL |
|
Definition
Lysis
ex) detergents and alcohol |
|
|
Term
| How agents effect the CELL MEMBRANE |
|
Definition
loss of selective permeability
ex) detergents (surfactants) |
|
|
Term
| Agents that affect NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS |
|
Definition
UV LIGHT- permenant inactivation of DNA
Formaldehyde-interfers with functioning of RNA DNA |
|
|
Term
| agents that alter PROTEIN FUNCTION |
|
Definition
proteins are denatured
ex) alcohol
heat treatments (coagulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coagulation
denaturization of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dehydrating the cell, removing water that is necessary for metabolic reactions
denaturizing proteins
deoxidation
ex) incinerator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substance you are trying to clean is not destroyed by heat, therefore, heat can be used to control microbes in or on it.
opposite = heat sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is steralized at 141 degrees C for only 2 seconds! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steam under pressure
when pressure is increased, temperature of steam increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how pressure is measured for the autoclave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15 mins
121 degrees C
15 PSI
guaranteed to kill endospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
grows in neutral pH and in anaerobic conditions
threat in canned green beans
used in botox
highly toxic
found in soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot air, incineration
oxidizes cells, burns to ashes, denaturizes proteins
takes higher temperatures and longer time than using moist heat |
|
|
Term
| Effect of cold on microbes |
|
Definition
cold stops the activities of most microbes, but does not kill them
think of putting meat into a freezer on the "use by date" and pulling it out to cook it. the bacteria can not grow in the freezer, but when thawed, the bacteria can begin to grow again |
|
|
Term
Dessication
What microbes can survive? |
|
Definition
drying
gram + live longest (think lab experiment) because of their cell envelope composition
gram - are killed more easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high speeds through matter or space
Ionizing OR Nonionizing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes ions to form
ex) gamma rays, x rays, cathod rays
used in meats, fruits and veggies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excites atoms, but does not ionize them
UV rays
thymine dimer formation in DNA
most lethal at 265nm
disinfection NOT steralization
causes abnormal bonds withing molecules suchs as DNA
* think dimers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removes from air and liquid
uses small pores
* how you steralize heat SENSITIVE liquids |
|
|
Term
| Traits of good disinfectant |
|
Definition
1. rapid action at low concentrations
2. soluable/stable in water
3. broad spectrum without human toxicity
4. penetrates inanimate objects
5. resistance to inactivation by organic matter
6. no toxic residue
7. sanitizing/ deodorizing
8. affordable, avaliable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Iodine/ Chlorine
* DENATURIZATION OF ESSENTIAL ENXYMES
* LOSES EFFECT IN PRESCENCE OF CONTAMINATING PROTEINS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Halogen
* INTERFERS WITH HYDROGEN AND DISULFIDE BONDING OF PROTEINS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex of iodine and a neutral polymyer, such as polyvinylalcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Triclosan
* DESTROY CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
* DENATURE PROTEINS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* targets CELL MEMBRANES
* DENATURIZES PROTEINS
ex) HIBICLENS, HIBITANE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * oxygen forms FREE RADICALS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disrupt cell membrane causing loss of selective permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Cationic (+) detergents that are non toxic enough to be used to disinfect food preperation surfaces, but DO NOT WORK AGAIST ENDOSPORES< MYCOBATERIA, OR NAKED viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to functional groups of proteins and inactivate them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactivate proteins and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- formaldehyde is a gas
-liquid= formalin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antimicrobial drug developed by Paul Erhlich in 1910
- treated syphillis with it
- made of arsenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antimicrobial drug developed by Paul Erhlich in 1910
- treated syphillis with it
- made of arsenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
by Gerhard Domagk in 1930
- broken down into sulfa drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substanes made from fungi or bacteria to inhibit or kill other microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made from mold
Fleming
1940s |
|
|
Term
| Penicillin G- altered to? |
|
Definition
| Ampicillin- which can treat g+ and g-, unlike penicillin which works on g+ only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk |
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |
|
Definition
| use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug, regardless of origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that are chemically modified in the lab after being isolated from natural sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of chemical reactions to synthesize antimicrobial compounds in the lab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antimicrobials effective against a limited array of mirobe types- ex is a drug that is effective mainly on g+ bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antimicrobials effective against a wide variety or microbial types- ex) effective against g+ and g- bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Types of Mold/ Bacteria used to make anitbiotics |
|
Definition
Bacillus
Streptomyces
Cephalosporium
Penicillium |
|
|
Term
Antimicrobail Drugs
CELL WALL SYNTHESIS |
|
Definition
work only in actively growing cells
"leaky" cells, lysis
best on g+
ex) Beta-lactam drugs and Vancomycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*irreversibly inhibit enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis
- penecillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- blocks the synthesis of peptidoglycan
-works on CELL WALL
- NOT A BETA-LACTAM drug
- does NOT work on g- because it cannot cross the outter membrane |
|
|
Term
Antimicrobial drugs that
INHIBIT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (ribosomes difference) |
|
Definition
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, etc)
Tetracyclines
Macrolides- erythromycin
Chloramphenicol- causes aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete lack of ability to make blood cells |
|
|
Term
Antibaterial meds
INHIBIT NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS |
|
Definition
Fluoroquinolones (cipro)
Rifamycins- block RNA polymerase from transcription |
|
|
Term
Antibacterial meds
INHIBIT FOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antibacterial drugs
INHIBIT CELL MEMBRANE INTERGRITY |
|
Definition
| polymixins. cells lose selective permiability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic
slow growth
waxy cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibition of virus entry into a host cell- prevents viral replication
Amantadine
Tamiflu
Relenza
OR
exploit the error prone virally encoded enzymes used to replicate
Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, AZT |
|
|
Term
| How does drug resistance develop? |
|
Definition
spontaneous mutations
or
acquisition of entire new genes or via transfer from another species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme made by bacteria to chew up penicillin |
|
|
Term
| Innate/ Intrinsic Resistance |
|
Definition
the structure of the species does not allow the drug to cause harm
ex) mycoplasm and penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through mutation or spread of genetic info with sex pillus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquire resistance through spontaneous mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquire resistance through gene transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug toxic to CARDIO SYSTEM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug toxic to BLOOD FORMING TISSUE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug toxic to NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug toxic to SKIN, BONES, TEETH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allergic reaction to penicillin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex. when c. diff over drogs in colon because the good fighting bacteria were killed off by antibiotics
OR yeast infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the action of one drug enhances the activity of another
sulfonamides, trimethoprim are -static, when combined -cidal |
|
|
Term
| 3 Factors that should be known before treatment |
|
Definition
1. id microbe
2. microbes susceptibility to treatments
3. overall medical condition of pt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to the hose as compared to its minimum effective therapeutic dose
SMALLER THERAPEUTIC INDEX IS MORE RISKY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pathogens penetrate the hose defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an infection results in damage |
|
|
Term
| what can cause changes in the normal flora |
|
Definition
changes in diet
acidity of the stomach
ingestion of antibiotics
peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause disease when the host is exposed, no matter the health of the pt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes disease when introduced into an unusual location or in an immune compromised pt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reproduce in the spaces and fluids surrounding the host cell
ex) staph aureus |
|
|
Term
| Facultative Intracellular Pathogen |
|
Definition
can grow in the host cell as well as outside the host cell
ex) Legionella pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Obligate Intracellular Pathogen |
|
Definition
must be inside a host cell to reproduce
all viruses and chlamydia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severity of disease a microbe can cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tools that microbes use to make them dangeous
ex) enzymes, capsules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
source is from inside of the body
ex) yeast infection, c. diff, e.coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
source from outside of the body
influenza |
|
|
Term
| STORCH- microbes that can cross the placenta |
|
Definition
| syphillis, toxoplasmosis, other (hep b, aids, chlamydia), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many you have to have to get sick |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms for Attachement |
|
Definition
Fimbriae
Surface Proteins
Slimes or capsules
Specific Receptors
Suckers, hooks, barbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that lyse WBC produced by bacteria to survive hose defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make and secrete outside of cell
ex) Hyaluronidases- destroy connective tissue matric, "chews flesh" and helps increase spread of pathogen through tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made of components of g- cell envelope (lipid A)
- makes gram negative septic shock, organs start shutting down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins secreted by living metabollically active bacteria into their immediate environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxin is spread through bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remain confined to a single location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread from one location to many organs or tissue fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starts as a local infection and then breaks loose to be carried into other tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several agents establish themselves at the infection site
polymicrobial diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initial Infection
ex) CX POX |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complication of a secondary infection
ex) staph aureus because you scratched your CX POX |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid onset of symptoms, usually severe, but last only a short time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop more slowly, last longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when microbes live in host tissues for months or years without causing any symptoms, and is reactivated when the immune system becomes weakened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be seen by an observer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microbes are multiplying in blood
not necessarily dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small number of viruses in blood
is dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no apparent symptoms of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptoms are not severe enough to see the doctor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long term or permenant damage to tissues or organs(rheumatic heart disease, lyme, polio) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must be reported to health authorities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of disease is the rate of illness in a given population at risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of death in a given population at risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of new cases in a specific time period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total number of cases in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally found in a defined geographical region, usually low but consistent levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when occurs at higher level than usual in a given community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic which has spread over a continent of worldwide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in an occasional fashion within a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual/object from which the disease is actually acquired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread the pathogen during the incubation period (HIV- when people dont get know they have HIV and continue to have sex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spread the pathogen while recovering from an infection
ex) Diptheria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical transfer of pathogens between patients by health care workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"accident" -
ex) fly poop on food at picnic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an insect is required to be in the life cycle of the pathogen...plasmodium- mosquito is the biological vector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can't be spread from one individual to another ( anthrax, tetnus) |
|
|
Term
| Communicable Disesase 2 modes Transmission |
|
Definition
Direct Contact
Indirect Transmission (coughing, sneezing, talking) |
|
|
Term
| Indirect spreading by vehicles |
|
Definition
| transmission through food/water, that can occur as a result of human handling, or infectious agent may be transmitted from the animal itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hospital as the source of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Recognition of infectious microbe in every case
2. Laboratory isolation of organism and growth in pure culture
3. Demonstration of disease capability in health lab animals
4. Recovery of organism from diseased animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an infectious agent cannot spread in a population because most are immune to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network or innate, nonspecific protectins, and specific immunities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| barrier that blocks the invasion at the portal entry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation, phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly specific, acquired on an individual basis as lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals |
|
|
Term
| Immune System Responsibility |
|
Definition
1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign bodies
3. Destruction of entities that are determined to be foreign
*primarily to distinguish self from nonself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical/chemical barrier/ genetic defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria diseases that can be spread from animal to human |
|
|
Term
| Immune System Responsibilities |
|
Definition
surveillance
recognition
destruction |
|
|
Term
| How Immune System detects "self" from "non self" |
|
Definition
MHC class molecules that are present on almost all body cells
HLA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can become any type of blood cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allergic reactions
worm infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammatory response
allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phagocytic
first encounter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macrophages
monocytes
professional phagocytotic cells
IMPORTANT IN ANTIGEN PRESENTATION TO T AND B CELLS |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages used to be.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fixed macrophages in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important in antigen presentation to B and T lymphocytes of the specific immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vessels, cells, accessory cells
lymph fluid
lymph nodes
lymphoid organs and tissues
bone marrow
thymus
lymph noids
tonsils
mesenteric lymph nodes
spleen |
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific roles of host defenses |
|
Definition
| inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- to mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury
- to set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and carry away harmful substances
- to destroy microbes and block their further invasion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vascular changes
2. edema
3. fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attract the WBC to tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cells make the vein CONTRACT, leaving gaps in the blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leakage of vascular fluid into the tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| migration of leukocytes out of the blood vessel through the gaps in the tissue spaces, squeezing between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation
the migration of cells in response to a specific chemical stimulus given off at the site of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the brain that controls body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that causes a change in the body thermostat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inhibition of heat-sensitive microbial production
- reducing iron avaliable to bacteria
- increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of complex steps necessary for phagocytes to engulf and kill invading microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-chemotaxis
- attachement
- ingestion
- fusion of lysosome and phagosome
- killing with phagolysosomes
- digestion
- exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral cytokines and immune stimulants
antiviral glycoproteins made by virally infected blood cells
- act on neighboring cells to prevent replicaiton of the virus within those cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- complement is a nonspecific reactant
- 26 blood proteins
JOBS: destruct invading bacteria by disrupting cytoplasmic membranes
- contribute to vascular permeability
- stimulating chemotaxis
- enhancing phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 stages of third line of defense |
|
Definition
1. lymphocyte development (become T/B cells)
2. Presentation of antigens
3. The challenge of B and T by antigens
4. B lymphocytes produce antibodies
5. T lymphocytes respond |
|
|
Term
| Early lymphocytic lineage |
|
Definition
| - mature in thymus and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow, antibody synthesizing cells |
|
|
Term
| T cells mature in the .... |
|
Definition
| thymus; cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies recognize specific locations on the molecule known as epitoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecule too small to cause an immune response
must be attached to a carrier to cause an immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigens that activate t cells at 100 times the normal rate.
cause overwhelming release of cytokines and cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macrophages, b cells, dendritic cells
they engulf the antigen and process it, after whihch it is moved to the surfance of the AP C and bound to the MHC receptor... THEN it is presented to T cells which are then activated and begin secreting cytokines to futher the immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. increasing phagocytosis
2. neutralizing toxins and viruses
3. agglutination of antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ME FIRST...the early antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Go last.. the major antibody of the second response... can pass from mother to the fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACHOO! found in mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worms, parasites, allergies Eoseniphiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| find dose antigens! serves as an antigen receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. regulate immune responses
2. control the responses of B cells and macrophages
3. Secrete cytokines that communicate with these cells and control their reponses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kill the cell by secreting toxic enzymes into the target cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of certain T cells to kill specific target cells |
|
|
Term
| Actively requited immunity |
|
Definition
| acquired through infection and vaccination |
|
|
Term
| Passively Acquired Immunity |
|
Definition
| antibodies from another individual |
|
|
Term
| natural acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| produced by having the actual disease |
|
|
Term
| artificial aquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| artificial passive immunity |
|
Definition
| taking someone elses antibodies in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elimination of the pathogenic properties without killing the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nontoxic antigenic substances derived from toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen produced through DNA technology |
|
|
