Term
| What is an inverted repeat and what does it cause? |
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Definition
Inverted Repeat: The reversed complement of another sequence of nucleotides repeated further downstream
Causes a secondary structure known as a stem loop |
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are between an A&T sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are between a C&G sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the gene expressed? |
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Definition
THrough transcription by RNA and translation as the RNA information is synthesized into a protein.
DNA -> RNA -> Protein |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete set of genetic information in a cell. Includes plasmids. |
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Term
| Where does the new strand of DNA always build from? |
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Definition
| Always the open 3' end, never the 5' end. |
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Term
| The 5' and the 3' are bound to what? |
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Definition
5' is from a phosphate of a nucleotide.
3' is from a hydroxyl of the next nucleotide. |
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Term
| In RNA, what does Uracil replace? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are both sides of DNA used for transcription of a particular protein? |
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Definition
| In RNA transcription of a protein,either side can be used for a template, however only 1 of the two strands is transcribed in a given region. |
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Term
| What are the RNA functional types? |
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Definition
mRNA - Genes and proteins encripted. May go on to make proteins or other RNA (rRNa or tRNA)
rRNA - Ribosomal RNA
tRNA - Transfer RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA encodes the proteins transcribed. The encrypted mRNA s then correlated into a set of 3 nucleotides in an amino acid. |
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Term
| How does mRNA regulate gene expression? |
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Definition
The mRNA is unstable and degrades within minutes.
The production of the mRNA products (either "on" or "off") the transcripts will continue to function and be translated.
If it is "off" the transcripts are degraded.
Protein production is increased and decreased this way. |
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Term
| How do microbes replicate chromosomal DNA? |
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Definition
Beginning at the Origin of Replication, replication forks occur on both sides as DNA synthesizes.
Replication ends at the terminating site. |
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Term
| What does replication being "semiconservative" mean? |
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Definition
| Each of the new molecules has one of the original strands paired with a newly synthesized strand |
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Term
| How does DNA replication start? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids contain a protein at the Origin of Replication that will melt a localized segment of double stranded DNA to expose the template to be replicated. |
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Term
| What enzyme is reponsible for synthesizing the stretches of RNA complementary to the templates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Primers in DNA replication? |
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Definition
| THe synthesized small fragments of RNA that have been copied from the template by primases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The complex "assembly line" structure that contains most of the enzymes and proteins that synthesize DNA. |
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Term
| What are the 4 main components of the Initiation segment of DNA Replication? |
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Definition
1) Origin Binding Proteins - Bind to the Origin of Replication
2) Helicase - Enzyme that unwinds the helix of DNA
3) Single Strand binding Proteins - Bind to the DNA while replication goes on
4) DNY Gyrase - Unwinds ahead of the strand replication to prevent bunching up of the DNA. |
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Term
| What are the 2 main components of the Elongation phase of DNA replication? |
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Definition
1) RNA Primase - Places a small piece of RNA on the strand of opened DNA on an end building 5' to 3'.
2) DNA Polymerase 3 - Synthesizes the DNA off of the open 3' end provided by RNA Primase |
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Term
| What are the 2 segments of the Termination phase of DNA replication? |
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Definition
1) DNA Polymerase 1 - Removes the RNA Primase segment and replaces it with DNA
2) DNA Ligase - Seals the DNA pairs together |
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Term
| What are Okazaki Fragments? |
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Definition
| The short newly formed fragments of DNA building on the lagging strand. |
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Term
| What is an example of an Extrinsic factor for Transcription/Gene expression? |
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Definition
| The RHO protein binds to the terminator and prevents further transcription |
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Term
| What is an Intrinsic Factor for Transcription/Gene expression? |
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Definition
| Hairpiin turns created by inverted repeats prevent further transcription and ends the process. |
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Term
| What are the 4 basic steps of Gene transcription/Gene Expression? |
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Definition
1) RNA binds to a promoter region above the gene
2) Can initiate without a primer
3) RNA Polymerase synthesizes single stranded RNA
4) Ends at an Extrinsic or Intrinsic factor |
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Term
| Which strands created are + and which are -? |
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Definition
The DNA template is a - strand
The RNA compliment and mRNA created are both + strands |
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Term
| What does Monocistronic mean? |
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Definition
| Can code for 1 gene. Most eukaryotic cells express this way. |
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Term
| What does Polycystronic mean? |
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Definition
| Can code for several proteins at once. Most bacteria (E Coli) |
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Term
| What does a Sigma Factor do? |
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Definition
| Enhances gene expression in part due to damage |
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