Term
| Who is considered the father of microbiology? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of killing bacteria that used a combination of heat AND pressure |
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Term
| what is a vaccine and how does it work? |
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Definition
| a vaccine is a dead or a weakened virus. it is injected in hopes of making antibodies to that specific virus. |
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Term
| What are Koch's Postulates |
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Definition
1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
2. the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture.
3. the pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal.
4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated-and diseased-animal and must be shown to be the original microorganism. |
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Term
| What are the seven categories, in order, of the classification heirarchy? |
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
| What are the only two microscopic "particles" or "agents" that are non-living but can cause illnesses and death? |
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Definition
| Viruses and Infectious Prions (Protiens) |
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Term
| What is the main difference between Prokaryiotic and Eukaroyiotic cells? |
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Definition
| Prokaryiotic cells have a nucleus while Eukaryiotic cells have DNA in a super-coiled chromosome. |
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Term
| What is an opportunistic infection? |
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Definition
| An opportunistic infection is an infection that is caused by pathogens that are normally found in a healthy host when the host has a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections can result from taking antibiotics. |
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Term
| Many worm infections occur in the ________? |
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Definition
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Term
| The #1 worm infection in the USA is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Enterobiasis: anal itching when the female deposits thousands of eggs in the anal folds.
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Term
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Definition
| a Fluke is a single-celled worm that can infect human organs. |
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Term
| What is the story of the Guniea Worm? |
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Definition
| the Guniea Worm usually enters the body when a person drinks water containing tiny water fleas that are infected with guniea worm larvae. the worm grows in the body, up to 3 feet long, and then wants to exit. It exits by finding the lower limbs, becuase of gravity, and releases acid to burn itself through the skin. |
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Term
| What is an obligate intracullular parasite? |
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Definition
| A parasite that must enter/infect a living host cell to replicate itself. |
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Term
| What are the 2 distinct groups of viruses? |
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Definition
| Naked viruses and Enveloped viruses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are naked viruses and enveloped viruses different? |
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Definition
Naked viruses have a nucleic acid core, a capsid coat and spikes or "keys"
Enveloped viruses have the same except there is a lipid-bilayer and the spikes project out of the lipid-bilayer. |
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Term
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Definition
- Enter body
- Find receptors on the cell that matches the spikes of the virus
- attach and enter the host cell
- the viral nucleic acid forces the infected host cell to make more particles
- Particles are released from the cell and the proces starts over again in a different cell
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Term
| what is unique about the different illnesses caused by Enveloped viruses? |
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Definition
| Enveloped viruses cause persistent illness. they do not kill the host cell after being released. |
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Term
| what is another name for the helper-t cell and what kind of cell is it? |
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Definition
| CD4 cell. it is a white blood cell. |
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Term
| What cell is a major target for H.I.V.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is HIV called a retrovirus? |
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Definition
| HIV contains RNA in its Nucleic acid core. this means that it must go "backwords" in order to replicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV enters the Host cell. reverse transcriptase converts the RNA into DNA so the host cell can understand the genetic instructions. then integrase splices the new viral DNA into the DNA of the host cell so that transcription and translation can be carried out by the host cell. protease cuts the long strands of HIV proteins made by the host cell into smaller functional proteins that will be used to construct new viral particles. |
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