Term
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Definition
| using chemical substances to treat diseases. |
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Term
| What two ways can chemical substances be made? |
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Definition
1.made in the lab
2.maid by microbes |
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Term
| what type of drugs are made in the lab and what is an example of one? |
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Definition
-SYNTHETIC DRUGS
ex) Sulfanilamide (sulf drug) |
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Term
| what type of drug is made by microbes? |
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Definition
-ANTIBIOTICS
ex)Penicillin (Fleming 1928) |
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Term
| what is the main source of antibiotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is it called when an antibiotic is modified in a lab? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is it called when an antibiotic is modified in a lab? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| microbe-made or man-made agent |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug is (selectively) more toxic to microbe than to host |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow range; natural penicillin (penicillin G) affects only gram POSITIVE bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| wide range; semi-synthetic penicillin (ex: Ampicillin); affects gram positive and gram negative bacteria. |
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Term
| suffix-end-cidal or static=? |
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Definition
| cidal means to kill and static means to stop growth. |
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Term
Antimicrobial Drugs:
Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis- |
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Definition
Are bactericidal- ex) Penicillin's, bacitracin, vanomycin and others.
*exceptions: isoniazid, and ethambutol (which blocks mycolic acid insertion in cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) are bacteriostatic |
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Term
Antimicrobial Drugs:
Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis-
what size ribosomes does mitochondria have? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic mitochondria has 70S ribosomes |
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Term
Antimicrobial Drugs:
Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis |
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Definition
-are bacteristatic
examples) tetracycline's (broad spectrum), chloramphenicol (very broad spectrum, erythromycin |
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Term
Antimicrobial Drugs:
What is the exception to the bacteriostatic drugs? |
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Definition
| strptomycin group (the aminoflycosides) are bactericidal |
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Term
Antimicrobial Drugs:
Drugs that damage plasma membrane |
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Definition
are bactericidal
ex) polymyxin B- makes cell permeable=increase water uptake=cell lysis! |
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Term
Antimicrobial Drugs:
Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis: |
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Definition
-are bactericidal
ex) Rifampin- inhibits RNA synthesis and cyprofloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis. |
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Term
Antimicrobial Drugs:
Drugs that inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites. ex) Sulfa drugs |
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Definition
are bacteriostatic-inhibits growth
ex) TMP(Trimethoprim-mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections), SMZ (used to treat UTIs and strep most commonly), sulfanilamide |
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Term
Antifungal Drugs:
Antibiotics- Griseofulvin: |
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Definition
| fungistatic, interfers with mitosis (for ringworm infection) |
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Term
Antifungal Drugs:
Antibiotics-Amphotericin B:(a polyene compound) |
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Definition
| fungicidal, binds sterols in plasma membrane (for systemic infections-toxic side effects) |
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Term
Antifungal Drugs:
Synthetics- Clotrimazole: (an azole compound) |
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Definition
-fungicidal, blocks synthesis of plasma membrane sterols
-for jock itch, and ringworm |
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Term
Antifungal Drugs:
Synthetics: Flucytosine |
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Definition
-fungicidal
-inhibits RNA synthesis and therefore protein synthesis
-systemic use
-toxic side effect |
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Term
Antifungal Drugs:
Synthetics: Tolnaftate |
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Definition
| -fungicidal (for treating athletes foot) |
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Term
Antiviral Drugs:
General non-nucleoside agents: Interferon (IFN) |
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Definition
ex) alpha IFN
-inhibits virus spread (for viral hepatitis) |
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Term
Antiviral Drugs:
General non-nucleoside agents: Amantadine and Rimantadine: |
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Definition
-These block uncoating of influenza
-Rimantadine-less toxic
-A third drug-Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
-inhibits neuaminidase (N spike on influenza cell) of flu virus |
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Term
Antiviral drugs:
Nucleoside analogs: |
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Definition
-most antivirals are in this group
-are purine (A or G) or pyrimidine (T, C or U) analogs
-interfere with DNA or RNA synthesis |
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Term
Antiviral Drugs:
Purine Analogs: Vidarabine, Acyclovir, Ganciclovir |
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Definition
| -for herpesviral infections (acyclovir-> genital herpes-no cure) |
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Term
Antiviral Drugs:
Purine Analogs: Ribavirin |
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Definition
| for viral pneumonia (aerosol spray) |
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Term
Antiviral Drugs:
Pyrimidine Analogs: |
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Definition
A- AZT (zidovudine)
B- DDL
C- ddC
-a, b, c all interfere with dviral reverse transcriptase
-all for HIV treatment |
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Term
Antiviral Drugs:
Enzyme inhibitors: (anti-HIV) |
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Definition
-inhibits viral protease (for HIV treatment)
-ex) Indinavir, and Saquinavir |
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Term
Antiprotozoan Drugs:
Chloroquine: |
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Definition
| -inhibits DNA synthesis (for Malaria disease) |
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Term
Antiprozoan Drugs:
metronidazole: |
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Definition
-Causes DNA damage
-Broad spectrum against:
-Trichomonas vaginitis
-Entamedba diarrhea
-Anaerobic bacteria |
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Term
Anthelmintic Drugs (Worms)
Helminth= |
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Definition
worm (flat or round)
-tapeworm and flukes are flatworms |
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Term
Anthelmintic Drugs: (Worms)
Niclosamide |
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Definition
| -prevents ATP generation for tapeworms |
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Term
Anthelmintic Drugs: (Worms)
Praziquantel: |
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Definition
-Disrupts plasma membrane permeability
-for tapeworm and flukes |
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Term
Anthelmintic Drugs: (Worms)
Mebendazole: |
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Definition
-disrupts nutrient absorption
-for intestinal roundworms |
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Term
Drug Resistance:
Drug Resistance= |
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Definition
| microbial resistance to a drug (not host resistance)D |
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Term
Drug Resistance:
Heredity drug resistance |
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Definition
-passed from one bacterium to another
-via plasmids called Resistance factors (R-factors |
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Term
Drug Resistance:
Mechanisms involved: |
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Definition
a) drug can't penetrate microbe to reach target site
b) target site is altered by mutation
c)microbial enzyme ex-Penicillinase (or beta lactamase) breaks down drug |
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Term
Drug Resistance:
To minimize drug resistance: |
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Definition
1-use drug only when absolutely needed
2-follow doctor's orders (dosage, freq)
3-use combination therapy |
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Term
Drug Resistance:
Why is it good to use combination therapy? |
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Definition
a) for synergistic effect-ex) Penicillin-streptomycin (penicillin-tetracycline-> antagonistic-do not mix penicillin and tetracycline)
b) to decrease toxicity of individual drug
c)to decrease emergence of resistant strains |
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Term
Tests to guide chemotherapy:
1. Disk Diffusion Method---agar diffusion: |
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Definition
-kirby-Bauer method tests microbial susceptibility to drugs
-the E test can determine "MIC"-defined below
-Agar solid |
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Term
Tests to guide chemotherapy:
2.Broth Dilution Test: |
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Definition
-Agar liquid
-uses serial dilutions of a drug to determine
a) MIC=minimal inhibitory concentration that INHIBITS growth of microbes
b)MBC=minimal bactericidal concentration, lowest concentration that KILLS the microbes |
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Term
New/future drugs:
-new drugs (Under development): |
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Definition
Target: drug-resistant microbes
Sources: plandts, animals (ex Antimicrobial peptides from frog skin), and synthetic compounds
-synthetic compounds=example:
-synthesize DNA--called Triplex agent and antisense agent
-these neutralize the genes and mRNA's that code for microbial pathogenic proteins |
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Definition
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