Term
| Name 3 zoonatic pathogens: |
|
Definition
| Influenza, Salomellosis,and Trypanosomiasis |
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Term
| What two animals does Influenza tend to grow in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What three animals does Salomellosis grow in? |
|
Definition
| various mammals, birds and rodents |
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Term
| What type of pathogen can normally be found growing in humans w/out causing disease? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 7 things compromise the host immune system allowing opportunistic pathogens to bother us? |
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Definition
1. old age or infancy
2. genetic defects in immunity or acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
3.surgery or organ transplant
4. organic disease: cancer, liver malfunction, or diabetes
5. chemotherapy/immunosuppresive drugs
6. physical or mental stress
7. other infections |
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Term
| What are these two examples of?: P.areuginosa can infect cystic fibrosis paitents who cannot clear mucus from their respiratory tract. OR K. pneumoniae is part of the normal flora but in compromised people can cause respiratory infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| What vector carries a pathogen physically w/put being associated with infection of vector? (ex: icky fly carrying pathogens on legs) |
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Definition
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Term
| What vector provides a source of nutrients for the pathogen and the pathogen can go through stages in the vector and is typically transferred to human host through biting them? (ex: Tse Tse fly carrying Trypanosoma brucei) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ species are protozoan parasites that develop in sand flies and are transferred to humans where they infect macrophages.( an example of a biological vector) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 6 stages of pathogenesis ? |
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Definition
1.portal of entry
2.adhesion
3. invasion
4. multiplication
5. expanded infection
6. Transmission through portal of exit |
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Term
| The stages of pathogenesis coordinate with what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _____ are traits (gene products) that allow a pathogen to cause disease (ex: expression of exozymes that damage host tissue and allow pathogen invasion) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can virulence factors include basic functions like ribosomes or fermentation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _______ causes ulcers, has the ability to tolerate low ph, is anaerobic and adheres to the gut to avoid clearnace mechanisms. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Pathogens use the same entry ports as normal flora these include which 4 portals? |
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Definition
| respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin |
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Term
| If Salomonella typhimurium is associated with intestinal disease; if it got into a skin wound would it get infected? |
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Definition
| NO, because 2 different environments. Pathogen must enter right portal to infect though there are a few exception of some flexible pathogens. |
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Term
| This pathogen is flexible it can infect the skin and the respiratory tract. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Some pathogens you only need 1 to infect host but others like_____ pathogens need a high infectious dose. |
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Definition
| ingested pathogens (Chloera and Typhoid) |
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Term
| Two pathogens that only need a low infectious dose to infect are _____ and ____ |
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Definition
| Measles and Q fever (respiratory infections) |
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Term
| What is a non-specific adhesion mechanism of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| glycocalyx (capsule or biofilm) |
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|
Term
| What are two specific adhesion mechanisms of pathogens? |
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Definition
| bacterial fimbraie, and Viral coat protein. |
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Term
| Adhesion mechanisms can also involve common structures like: ___,____, and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are secreted by infectious bacteria and act outside host cells to disrupt tissue function,or break down extra cellular matrix and act locally. Are also associated with invasive growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are produced by infectious bacteria, they can alter normal host cell function or kill a cell. Can act locally or systematically. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ can inject toxins or exozymes directly into environment or host cell. Which can then affect cytoskeleton of cell leading to adherence and internalization of the bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is an exozyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid of the extracellular matrix which allows pathogens to get into underlying tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a fibrinolytic enzyme that helps break up blood clots induced by inflammatory processes and allows spread of infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a toxin secreted from the pathogen either single molecule or AB toxins. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ________ is a toxin released primarily upon lysis of bacteria, includes Lipopolysacchride components released from Gram (-) pathogens. It acts on immune cells causing secretion of inflammatory cytokines and inducing fever. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three types of exotoxins. |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxins, enterotoxins, and superantigens. |
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|
Term
| Diptheria toxin A from Corynebacterium diphtheriae targets _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___subunit of the AB toxin gets the pathogen bound and across the membrane by binding to host cell surface and helps transport other subunit across. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ subunit of the AB toxin is the active component that does damage in the cell acting on specific intracellular targets. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of exotoxins can kill host cells by disrupting membranes. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a cytotoxin that forms pores in the cell membrane and can lyse red blood cells can also form pores in vesicle membranes allowing pathogen escape. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ is a exotoxin that alters the function of intestinal epithelial cells. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a enterotoxin that activates ion pumps, reverses flow, throwing H2O out of the blood and into the lumen of the intestines. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ is a exotoxin that target T-cells, they bind to T-cell receptor along side of antigen receptors and stimulate them causing major cytokine release leading to death of those T-cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three general evasion mechanisms of pathogens. |
|
Definition
1. physical barriers like capsules and biofilms that block phagocytosis and complement binding.
2. specific inhibitors of complement or antibodies.
3. run away and hide in cells. |
|
|
Term
| K.pneumoniae has a ___ that blocks phagocytosis and complement binding. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| N.gonnorhoea borrows the _____ from the host and uses it to prevent C3 from binding to it therefore preventing pore formation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| S.aureus uses _____ which holds on to antibodies to protect it by binding to its Fc region preventing macrophages from recognizing the antibody. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Influenza uses _______ envelope protein for adherence. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cells infected with a virus, secrete ____ and get other cells to produce nuclease that target dsRNA and increases expression of MHCI. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing the expression of MHCI enhances _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses can inhibit MHCI by retention of MHCI in the ER like ______,_______, and _____. |
|
Definition
| Adenovirus, HCMV, Murine cytomegalovirus |
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|
Term
| ________ can prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes and therefore can live intracellularly. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ and _____ can escape phagosomes by lysing the vesicle therefore can live intracellularly. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ can live inside phagolysosome by detoxifying the vesicle, producing proteins that inactivate ROS molecules. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ prevents fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. It is complex and can live in water bourne amoeba and lung tissue. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ produces antiphagocytic proteins induced by oxyR that soak up ROS. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ uses hemolysins to escape vesicles. It grows in cytosol and uses cytoskeleton(actin) to propel self into neighbor cells. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In general capsules inhibit ____1__ and biofilms inhibit both __2_ and ___2__ from reaching it. |
|
Definition
1. phagocytosis
2. phagosomes and complement |
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Term
| It takes _____ days for antibody production for pathogen unless it has already encountered the immune system before or you have been vaccinated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three immune mechanisms are used to target pathogens growing inside cells? |
|
Definition
| NKs, CTLs, and Th1( promotes resistance to intracellular pathogens) |
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Term
| Name three specific inhibition mechanisms of pathogens. |
|
Definition
1.MHCI can be inhibited
2. antibody can be blocked at Fc region
3. Ig directed proteases |
|
|
Term
| Name three genetic mechanisms of pathogens to combat our adaptive immune system. |
|
Definition
1.change antigen structure
2. antigenic diversity in population
3. antigenic variation during infection (mutation of gene rearrangement). |
|
|
Term
| E.Coli O157:H7 is a pathogenic variant of E.coli. It expresses particular versions of flagellar and cell wall antigens. O157:H7 refers to ____________ |
|
Definition
particular structure recognition.
H=flagella, O=cell wall(somatic), K=capsule. |
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|
Term
| Flu virus replicates rapidly so changes occur fast enough that antibodies initially can't work.This change happens during infection, this is called ___________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is when a recombination of Influenza virus (or other pathogen) genome segments during co-infection with distinct strains may occur in an animal host. This can generate a significantly different version of the virus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salomonella can switch flagella by changing gene expression by inversion of the ____ promoter region. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma brucei uses a gene conversion mechanism to change in the type of VSG (variant specific glycoprotein) expressed at the site by using a pool of different VSG genes. The leads to _____ of infection |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Neisseria gonorrhea produces pili and adhesions that help it bind to the urogenital epithelium. This is an example of a ______ quality of the pathogen. Also antibodies can target these. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The influenza virus uses hemagglutin and undergoes changes in the genome during replication. The hemagglutin binds to receptors and is a _____ quality of the pathogen. Also antibodies can target these. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Vibrio Cholera produces a protein that causes epithelial cells to secret water and nutrients. This is a _____ quality of the pathogen. Antibodies can neutralize it but its takes time to make antibodies and cholera works much too fast. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Listeria monocytogenes can synthesize hemolysin that helps it escape vesicle this is a _____ quality of the pathogen. Antibodies CANNOT target this because it is inside our cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is killing the host always advantageous for pathogen? |
|
Definition
| Not always, some want to be a chronic infection and have the host long term and others want to kill host and transmit to a new host. |
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Term
| ________ can attack multiple places on host like the respiratory tract or skin. It is Gram (+). It has capsule, fimbraie, and M protein. It is an aerotolerant aerobe and there is a large number of strains. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Streptococcus has many versions of polysacchride capsules which different strains infect different places. This is called _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ is a species of streptococcus can infect the skin and throat and can cause scarlet fever. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a species of streptococcus can infect the respiratory tract and cause bacterial pneumoniae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adhesions of streptococcus happen through ____ and _______ and determine where the strain can infect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus uses these three things to invade and spread: |
|
Definition
1. protective capsule
2. hyaluronidase
3. streptokinase |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus uses these two toxins: |
|
Definition
| pyrogenic exotoxin (causes fever) and streptolysin |
|
|
Term
| When streptococcus infects skin it is called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When streptococcus infects lungs it is called ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When streptococcus infects throat is is called __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The diseases caused by streptococcus in characterized by ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| inflammation and tissue damage |
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|
Term
| Streptococcus is sensitive to _____ and _____ of our immune system. |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis and neutralizing antibodies |
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|
Term
| Streptococcus is susceptible to _____ drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus has 3 evasion mechanisms, what are they? |
|
Definition
1. encapsulation (inhibits phagocytosis)
2. antigenically diverse with many version of polysacchride, and Mprotein.
3. capsule and surface proteins that mimic host structures. |
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to cause rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
1. streptococcus infection
2. MHC gene products that can express protein antigens
3. lymphocytes that recognize the structure both present in pathogen and heart tissue |
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Term
| ______ is resilent, can live in high salt environments and has a broad growth range also ph and heat isnt a problem for it. These are faculative anaerobes.It is Gram (+), encapsulated, expresses hyalronidase, hemolysins, protein A and coagulase. It infects the skin, systemic disease and occasionally its toxins can make us sick gastrointestinally. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Some staphylococcal strains can produce _____ that spread systematically and cause serious illness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You can ingest ______ from staphylococcus bacteria without being infected by the bacteria and still get sick with vomiting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus can be MRSA or (methicillin resistant) so non pecillin ____ can be used. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Staphylococcus is not MRSA then you can treat it with ___ or ____ |
|
Definition
| vancomycin or penicillin. |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus can evade immune system by detoxify phagosomes by releasing __1__ or can use _2___ to inhibit opsonization. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is when the host gets sick from a toxin or product of a pathogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is when a host gets sick from the actual pathogen infecting it. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ is a Gram (-) faculative anaerobe. It has many variations of surface antigens. It can cause Typhoid fever or gastroenteritus. It is a true pathogen. It can grow in vesicles. It has distinct pathogenicity islands in chromosome that encode virulence factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella can be converted from non-pathogenic form to pathogenic form by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella enters host through contaminated food, it invades gut epithelial and targets ______. It can invade, kill and grow intracellularly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella can travel through blood stream and fuck up your ____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella has 4 virulence factors: |
|
Definition
| fibrial, flagellar, enterotoxins and cytotoxins |
|
|
Term
| How can host immune system target Salmonella? |
|
Definition
| It can use the critcal TH1 cells to help phagocytes gobble up Salmonella or it can use antibodies to coat its flagella and fimbriae. |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you treat Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella? * which btw has > 10% mortality if untreated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella can use flagellar phase variation by inverting ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a water bourne gram (-) pathogen. It is associated with diarrhea and loss of H2O. It is acid sensitive so requires a high infectious dose. It adheres to intestinal epithelial with fimbriae. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The Cholera toxin is a ____ type of toxin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cholera toxins A subunit acts on ____ levels, acting on the transporters causing ions pushed out with water into the lumen of the intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for Cholera? |
|
Definition
| rehydration and if chronic infection use antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
| What host defenses can act against cholera? |
|
Definition
| Barriers or antibodies neutralizing on secondary infections. |
|
|
Term
| _______ is a Gram (-) bacilli, enteric pathogen. It is not a true pathogen because it is a part of our normal intestinal flora.It has pathogenic forms but most are non pathogenic. It has lots of variation of antigens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strains of E.coli that are involved in toxigenic diseases are: |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxic (ETEC), and Enteropathogenic (EPEC). |
|
|
Term
| The strains of E.coli that are involved in invasive disease are: |
|
Definition
| Enteroinvasive (EIEC)(grows intracellularly), and Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)( shiga toxin). |
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|
Term
| _______ toxin blocks protein synthesis. Also targets vascular cell walls leading to hemorrhage and clots in small capillaries particularly damaging kidney glomeruli which causes HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An opportunistic E.coli strain that can cause a UTI and expresses P-type pili that adheres to carbs with diagalactose residue, is the _____ strain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are E.colis 4 evasion mechanisms? |
|
Definition
1. specific adherence mechanisms
2. variable surface antigen (O,H&K)
3. antiphagocytic capsule
4. INtracellular growth (EIEC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a toxin from C. botulism that affects neuromuscular association. |
|
|
Term
| _______ is a gram (+) bacilli that can form spores, is an obligate anaerobe, fermentative soil bacteria and saprophyte. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ causes gas gangrene and mild food poisoning. Its treatment is debridement, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy but none for food poisoning. It grows in deep wound. Causes tissue damage with exozymes: hyaluronidase, collagnenase, and alpha toxin. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ is associated with taking antibiotics and destroying normal flora.It causes eneterotoxins and damage of epithelium. Treatment is withdraw of antibiotics, and administration of probiotics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ causes tetanus. It goes straight to spinal cord and block inhibitory neurotransmitters causing spasmodic contraction. Its treatment/prevention is vaccination or passive immunization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C.tetani and C. botulism produce _______ |
|
Definition
| extremely potent neurotoxin and blocks release of neurotransmitters. |
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|
Term
| Why don't you develop antibodies against tetanus but the vaccine still works? |
|
Definition
| It takes so little toxin to mess you up so it does not give you any immune memory response. Vaccines however use lots of inactivated toxins enough to make memory cells. |
|
|
Term
| What type of immune response is most effective against Mycobacterium? |
|
Definition
| TH1 cells presented by MHCII to stimulate macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| _______ is causative agent of tuberculosis. It is a intracellular bacillus pathogen that prefers aerobic environment. Its cell wall contains mycolic acid and is resilent and hydrophobic. |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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|
Term
| M.tuberculosis can infect ______ by inhibition of lysosome fusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic M.tuberculosis infection can be contained by formation of _____ which is infected cells surrounded by immune cells and fibroblasts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M.tuberculosis can escape as a ____ and travel in blood stream leading to progressive deterioration and death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the drug treatment of M.tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| Isoniazid to target mycolic acid synthesis and Rimfampin. SLOW treatment because SLOW growing pathogen. |
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|
Term
| The skin test for tuberculosis is _____ deposition of mycobacterium protein and we look for inflammatory response in 2-3 days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is a zoonatic pathogen carried by the biological vector the Tse Tse fly. It is from Africa and can cause sleeping sickness and CNS damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is a zoonatic pathogen carried by biological vector reduvid big . It is from South America and causes Chagas disease leading to heart damage.It is systemic with periodic symptoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosomas are susceptible to _____ and _____ of host immune system. |
|
Definition
| antibodies and complement |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosomas has VSG of its genome. Gene conversion mechanism changes the type of VSG expressed by using a pool of different VSG genes. This leads to _____ of the infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malaria is transmitted by the biological vector the anopheles mosquito. Its causative agent is _______. This is an obligate parasite that infects the inside of cells. It is a NON-mobile pathogen. It infects red blood cells and is an inflammatory disease. It also lyses blood cells causing anemia. It is systemic with periodic symptoms. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Plasmodium has multiple versions of surface antigen that it can switch. This causes a ____ of infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmodium can cause _______ and antibody response is eventually effective. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-malaria drugs target _______ in pathogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are people with sickle cell anemia resistant to Malaria? |
|
Definition
| those with sickle cell have different shaped hemoglobin so the parasite cannot grow in it. |
|
|
Term
| C.perfringes causes tissue damage with exozymes: |
|
Definition
| hyaluronidase, collagnenase, and alpha toxin. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Gram (+), encapsulated pathogen that expresses hyalronidase, hemolysins, protein A and coagulase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a NON-mobile blood infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Gram (+) that has capsule, fimbraie, and M protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name three relapsable pathogens (due to VG variation of surface antigen switching): |
|
Definition
| Plasmodium, Trypanosoma brucei and cruzi |
|
|
Term
| What causes Typhoid fever or gastroenteritus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen releases shiga toxin? |
|
Definition
|
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