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Definition
| developed concept of medical statistics |
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| devised a polar area chart to show the deaths of soldiers due to various causes |
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| recognized the significance of disease in warfare |
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| built the first microscope |
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Definition
| examined a cork under a microscope |
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| first to describe cells but never observed a single cell organism |
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| published Micrographia... the first manuscript that illustrated under the microscope |
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Definition
| built single lens magnifiers complete with sample holder and focus adjustment |
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| first to observe single-celled microbes (called them animalcules) |
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| first to describe how heat can kill microbes |
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| showed that maggots in decaying meat were the offspring of flies |
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| made an argument against spontaneous generation of macroscopic organisms |
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| tried to disprove spontaneous generation of microbes by boiling microorganisms and placing them in a seal flask |
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| sealed flask of sterilized meat that did not produce microbes |
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| critics argued that his experiment did not contain air so results weren't valid |
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| used swan neck flask to disprove idea of spontaneous generation |
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| discovered the microbial basis of fermentation |
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Definition
| showed that after boiling the contents remain free of microbial growth despite access to air |
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| proposed that the transmission of microbes causes diseases |
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| developed first vaccines based on attenuated strains |
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| did Pasteur's experiment but experience some growth |
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Definition
| discovered that some organic matter can contain heat-resistant spores |
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| formed 4 criteria that must be met to determine if a microbe causes disease in 1884 |
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| deliberately infected patients with matter from cowpox lesions |
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| ordered doctors to wash their hands with chlorine, an antispetic agent |
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Definition
| developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments |
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Definition
| discovered that penicillium notatum mold generated a substance that kills bacteria |
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| Howard Florey and Ernest Chain |
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Definition
| purified penicillin, made the first commercial antibiotic to save human lives |
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Definition
| discovered the agent of tobacco mosaic disease is not a bacterium, because it passes through a filter that retains bacteria |
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Definition
| was among the first to study bacteria in natural habitats |
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| developed enrichment cultures |
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| built the wetland model ecosystem |
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Definition
| developed the endosymbiotic theory |
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| studied recently discovered prokaryotes where a distinct form of life |
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