Term
| What do assimilative Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria do with their sulfate? |
|
Definition
| Incorporate it into cellular biomass (amino acids, etc) |
|
|
Term
| What do dissimilative SRB's do with their sulfate? |
|
Definition
| Use it as a TEA (SO4) - this kind of organism will show the black precipitate |
|
|
Term
| What conditions must apply for Fe2+ to be stable in the presence of O2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerobic Fe reducers must also be? |
|
Definition
| Acidophilic (obligate acidophiles) |
|
|
Term
| What novel characteristic do purple phototrophic bacteria exhibit, regarding Iron reduction? |
|
Definition
| They can do it anaerobically |
|
|
Term
| In photosynthesis, what does light do to low-energy electrons? |
|
Definition
| Elevates them to a higher energy level |
|
|
Term
| Cyanobacteria only have which photosystem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The DNA pol of archaea most resembles the DNA pol of which other domain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what domains are transcription and translation able to occur simultaneously? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of genes in bacteria have promoters recognized by the major sigma factor? |
|
Definition
| Constitutive and some regulative |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic process of transciption using RNA pol and sigma factor? |
|
Definition
1) Sigma factor recognizes and binds promoter
2) Core enzyme attaches
3) Once transcription has been initiated, the promoter leaves
4) RNA pol reaches termination site |
|
|
Term
| What are two kinds of termination of transcription methods in bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Intrinsic and Rho-dependent |
|
|
Term
| How does intrinsic termination of transcription work? |
|
Definition
| Two sequential, inverted sequences are transcribed. As these sequences are transcribed, the resulting RNA sequence contains a sequence of matching pairs, which bond to each other. These inverted sequences are followed by a long sequence of poly-A (transcribed to uracil), which slows RNA pol. These two factors slow and destabilize RNA pol, which loses energy and falls off. |
|
|
Term
| How does Rho-dependent termination of transcription work? |
|
Definition
| Rho protein travels up the RNA chain as it is being produced. A Rho sequence in the DNA (usually an inverted repeat or poly-A) slows the RNA pol, allowing Rho to catch up and knock the RNA pol off of the DNA sequence |
|
|
Term
| What are the three things coded for by genes? |
|
Definition
| mRNA (proteins), tRNA, and rRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is polycistronic mRNA? |
|
Definition
| One mRNA strand that codes for multiple genes |
|
|
Term
| How is polycistronic mRNA translated? |
|
Definition
| Each gene is translated independently from the single mRNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| What separates multiple genes in a polycistronic mRNA molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what kind of organisms do introns and exons exist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do archaea use to splice out introns in mRNA molecules? |
|
Definition
| An endoribonuclease (eukaryotes use a spliceosome) |
|
|
Term
| What two initiation factors are present in Archaea? |
|
Definition
| TATA box protein and Transcription Factor B protein |
|
|
Term
| What kind of termination of transcription occurs in Archaea? |
|
Definition
| Intrinsic and Poly-U tail only (poorly understood - intrinsic w/o inverted repeat) |
|
|
Term
| In bacteria, a single promotor is usually followed by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of operons and/or regulons that have their own regulator proteins but share a single regulatory molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An environmental stimulus (presense of chemicals, toxins, pH in the environment, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of operons that share a single regulatory protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cluster of (generally) related genes controlled by one regulatory region |
|
|
Term
| The presence of what molecule will suppress the expression of both the maltose and lactose anabolizing proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme produces cAMP from AMP? |
|
Definition
| Adenylate cyclase (requires phosphorylation to be active) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
| Commensalism, Mutualism, and Parasitism |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogen process? |
|
Definition
| Exposure, attachment, invasion, colonization, toxicity & invasiveness, and infect new host |
|
|
Term
| Transmission of a pathogen comes from what two locations? |
|
Definition
| Another diseased host, or a reservoir of infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 main modes of pathogenic transmission? |
|
Definition
| Direct, Droplet, Fomite, Fecal-Oral, Vehicle, and Vector |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between vehicle and vector transmission? |
|
Definition
| Vehicles are dead or inanimate objects, vectors are alive (usually insects) |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes the Black and Pneumonic plagues? |
|
Definition
| Yersinia Pestis (gram-negative rod) |
|
|
Term
| In order to cause infection and disease, pathogens must make it to the correct what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is host adherance specific to? |
|
Definition
| Adherance is tissue specific - particularly, receptor specific |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virulence attachment factor is NOT receptor-specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component separates the daughter cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ring forces MinC and MinD to the poles of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the location of the FtsZ ring? |
|
Definition
| The oscillation of the MinC and MinD components on the poles of the cell (FtsZ cannot exist where MinC and MinD are) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inital phase of growth with no visible growth happens - they are adjusting to their environment to optimize growth |
|
|
Term
| During which growth phase is metabolism and growth at its maximum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secondary transition phase is characterized by the production of? |
|
Definition
| Secondary metabolites (antibiotics, alternate metabolic pathways, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Where can new PG be inserted, during cell division in a coccus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzymes break the cell wall at certain parts during division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the logarithmic growth equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ยต (specific growth rate) in the growth equations? |
|
Definition
| log(Nt-No)/(change in time) OR k(.301) |
|
|
Term
| What is g (generation time) in the growth equations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is n defined as in the growth equations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common sulfur compounds used as electron donors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used as an electron donor in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does photosynthesis work, on a basic level? |
|
Definition
| Photons elevate the energy in a low-level electron in PS2, the electron is elevated and passed off to PS1, then it is elevated more and sent to either NADP+ to fix CO2 or back to PS1 for more ATP generation |
|
|
Term
| What is peculiar about cyanobacteria's photosynthesis scheme? |
|
Definition
| They only have PS1 with H2S as PED |
|
|
Term
| How do anoxygenic bacteria function during the night? |
|
Definition
| As chemooorganoheterotrophs |
|
|
Term
| Anoxygenic photosynthesis uses the electrons formed only for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All oxygenic photosynthesizers use what to fix CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of ferrodoxin? |
|
Definition
| Supply electrons to reverse citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of purple sulfur bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Reverse electron flow, generate biomass |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of green sulfur bacteria? |
|
Definition
| No reverse electron flow, reductant is ferrodoxin, reverse citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of purple non-sulfur bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Reverse electron flow, organic acids and succinate are PED |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of green non-sulfur bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Reverse electron flow, *NO* calvin cycle, hydroxypropanoate cycle instead (possibly first CO2 fixation pathway), organic acids or small amounts of H2S are PED |
|
|
Term
| How much of the cytoplasm does an archaeic chromosome occupy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes can an archaeal/bacterial organism possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the coil directions of the DNA portions during chromosome replication in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme gives the DNA its coil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for untwisting a DNA strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After RNA pol binds to the initiation site, what happens to the initiation factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What recognition sites does the Sigma factor bind to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bacterial DNA lack that archaeuc and eukaryotic DNA both possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cluster of histones called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 genetic elements of the archaea promotor? |
|
Definition
| B-recognition element, TATA box, and initiation element |
|
|
Term
| How are we remembering the order of the 3 genetic elements of the archaea promotor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are we remembering the way ATP synthase goes in the inner mitochondrial membrane? |
|
Definition
| The head goes in first (phallic references ftw) |
|
|
Term
| What do bacteria have instead of histones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which domains have supercoils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms have positive supercoils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the ribosome bind to the mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activator does cAMP bind to on a promotor sequence? |
|
Definition
| CAP (Catabolite Activator Protein) |
|
|
Term
| Is there any direct phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in anoxygenic photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| No, it requires the generation of a PMF |
|
|
Term
| What is the Nernst Equation? |
|
Definition
| E=Eo + (2.303RT/nF)log([Ox]/[Red]) - also, the first constant is roughly 1, so just use one |
|
|
Term
| What is required for the Calvin Cycle to occur? |
|
Definition
| Reduced electron carriers (NADH and NADPH) |
|
|
Term
| Most oxidizing acidophiles are of what gram reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reverse electron flow? |
|
Definition
| Using energy to raise the energy of electron carriers (drive electrons from + to - reduction potential) |
|
|
Term
| What do hydrogenase enzymes do? |
|
Definition
| Convert H2 to 2H+ and 2e- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interspecies hydrogen transfer - REQUIRES PHYSICAL CONTACT |
|
|
Term
| Oxygenic photosynthesizers use what to absorb light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anoxygenic photosynthesizers (bacteria) use what to absorb light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for neutralizing DNA's negative charge in bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Magnesium and poly amines |
|
|
Term
| Is energy used in the supercoiling of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What composes the Primosome complex? |
|
Definition
| DNA G (Primase) and DNA B (Helicase) |
|
|
Term
| What composes the Replisome complex? |
|
Definition
| The primosome (primase and helicase) and DNA pol III |
|
|
Term
| How far ahead, in bases, of the lagging strand is the leading strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What signals a holliday junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What resolves the holliday junction and signals the introduction of a FtsZ ring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What proteins are used to prevent helicase from traversing to a newly-created binding site? |
|
Definition
| Terminator Utilization Proteins (Tus Proteins) |
|
|
Term
| How is E. coli able to achieve a 20 minute replication time, even though it takes 40 minutes to replicate its chromosome? |
|
Definition
| E. coli daughter cells inherit DNA that is already undergoing the replication process. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major promotion factor in E. coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pushes the bacterial ribosome to the first position on the mRNA molecule it is to transcribe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the signal to initiate sporulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What alternate sigma factors are used in sporulation? |
|
Definition
| Pro-sigma-F active in fore-spore and Pro-sigma-E active in the mother cell (both are found in both locations) |
|
|
Term
| What does Spo OE PO4 cause during sporulation? |
|
Definition
| Initiates expression of alternate sigma factors, initiates asymmetric formation of FtsZ ring, and engulfment of pre-spore by mother cell |
|
|
Term
| What does Sigma-F do during sporulation? |
|
Definition
| In the forespore, turns on Sigma-G (expression of genes to create small, acid-soluble proteisn) as well as genes to make dipichonic acid. In the mother cell, it activates Sigma-K (turns on genes for cortex formation) |
|
|
Term
| What do some pathogens use to compete with transferrins and lactoferrins for iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does salmonella protect itself from the immune system during an infection in the intestines? |
|
Definition
| Grows within a vesicle inside of a cell |
|
|
Term
| How do Salmonella and Shigella gain access into lumen cells in the intestine? |
|
Definition
| Invasins - surface proteins that trigger endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary difference between what Salmonella does and what Shigella does during a host infection? |
|
Definition
| Salmonella will lyse the cell and go back into the lumen of the intestine to spread to other cells. Shigella rearranges the cell's actin filaments and pushes itself into a neighboring cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are two methods S. aureus is known to use to protect itself from a host's immune system? |
|
Definition
| Coagulating the blood to form a sort of shield and binding antibodies backwards (Staph receptor A) |
|
|
Term
| What is a major virulence factor of Streptococcus pathogens? |
|
Definition
| The use of a kinase to break open clots and spread |
|
|
Term
| What are three major kinds of toxins and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxins kill host cells; enterotoxins cause diarrhea, vomiting, and shock; and neurotoxins disrupt nerve function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A toxin that is made up of two components. The "B" component docks to the cell membrane of the target cell, and the "A" portion is cleaved off and sent into the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the only endotoxin? |
|
Definition
| Lipid A of g(-) cell walls - it is not toxic until the cell dies. It is also heat-stable |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a capsule and a slime layer? |
|
Definition
| A capsule is a coat of mostly proteins that is strongly attached to the cell. A slime layer is mostly sugar, and is loosely attached to the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the subunits of PG in both Archaea and Bacteria? |
|
Definition
| NAG NAT in Archaea and NAG NAM in Bacteria |
|
|
