Term
| The edema from hay fever occurs when a basophil... |
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Definition
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Term
| The transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another using a PHAGE is... |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism which produces inorganic metabolic end products from glucose without using oxygen is |
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Definition
| using anaerobic respiration |
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Term
| Complement fixation results in |
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Definition
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Term
| interferon is part of the bodies nonspecific or specific defenses |
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Definition
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Term
| when an antibiotic quits working for you it means that |
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Definition
| selection pressures have left only the resistant bacteria |
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Term
| If I mix dead bacteria with live ones, DNA may transfer, this is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| If I am born lacking the gene to make IL-1, My macrophages cannot stimulate my |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three things that contribute to virulence of a microbe |
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Definition
| Cell wall structures, Toxins, and Enzymes |
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Term
| If your surface markers are such that a virus can not attach to them then you have _______ to that virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibiotics which kill only a selective group of bacteria are called what |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have antibodies to an organism it indicates |
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Definition
| you have at some point in the past been exposed to that bug |
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Term
| Paper towels, combs and silverware are all examples of potential |
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Definition
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Term
| The killing of all vegetative bacteria and spores is |
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Definition
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Term
| The introduction of a new disease causing bacteria into a population tends to be devastating because... |
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Definition
| the population has no immunity |
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Term
Which chemical would be more effective
A.Liminol- Coefficient 0.2
B.Ammonium Chlorate- P.E 0.4
C.Quaternary Ammonium Sulfate- P.E 1.2 |
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Definition
the higher the P.E. the better...
C) |
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Term
| What are the predisposing factors for infection |
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Definition
| Age, Diet, and Immunosuppression |
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Term
| Filtration has limited effectiveness in controlling microbes and their diseases because |
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Definition
| toxins are not removes, viruses may pass through, and mycoplasmas may sneak through |
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Term
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Definition
| What the body views as "foreign" |
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Term
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Definition
| Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Most effective chemical defense your body has against infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples include, Gastrointestinal tract, and skin, mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocyte which targets virally-infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protein secreted by plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A microbe which jumps to humans from another species. |
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Term
| DNA sequesnces which code for capsules, pigments, and antibiotic resistance are found on |
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Definition
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Term
| High levels of IgE and Eosinophils indicate |
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Definition
| Worm infections and Allergies |
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Term
| Scrubbing well with soap is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| The gene for Antibiotic resistance is most likely found on |
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Definition
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Term
| The cell which is attacked during an immune response is the |
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Definition
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Term
| A person who can contaminate others with a pathogen without becoming sick themselves is |
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Definition
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Term
| Salts control bacteria by |
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Definition
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Term
| The cell which notifies the T-helper that it is time to attack the antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| Some bacteria have the ability to resist antibiotics, while others of the same species can not this variation is due to |
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Definition
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Term
| when evaluating a new Antimicrobial drug you need to take into consideration |
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Definition
| the type of microbe you are trying to control, can you get effective levels to the site of infection, is the drug toxic to the patient, does the microbe develop resistance readily, and other drugs by which the chemical may react |
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Term
| what is the application of heat that selectively kills spoilage organisms without greatly altering the quality of the food |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of a pathogen to infect an organism is regulated by |
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Definition
| the host species, the portal of entry, and the immune status of the potential host |
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Term
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Definition
| Vaccine consisting of "Tamed" microbes; may revert to a wild, infection form |
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Term
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Definition
| Vaccine consisting of "Tamed" microbes; may revert to a wild, infection form |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytic, agranular leukocyte which initiates the antibody response |
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Term
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Definition
| Most numerous Phagocytic leukocyte; granular |
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Term
| Edema from an allergic reaction is due to histamine released from these leukocytes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vaccine typoe which can provide DNA for transformation. Often requires a large dose and more boosters to be effective. Ex. Cholera. The diseases are treated with formalin, radiation, heat or some other agent that does not destroy antigenicity. Surface markers intact. Typhoid Vaccine |
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Term
| the skin and mucous membranes are part of the bodies |
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Definition
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Term
| Type 1 hypersensitivity is due to reaction s of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Streptomyces is a common soil oragnism it is also |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary virulence factor for streptococcus mutans (teeth bacteria) is |
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharide- (only in bacteria) |
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Term
| IL-1 is secreted by the___ to activate the____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The only antibody to provide transplacental protection is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Type III hypersensitivities are due to innapropriate responses by |
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Definition
| IgM, Ig G, and Complement Proteins |
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Term
| Loss of Sensation in fingers and toes, numerous small cuts, oozy brown lesion. When you streak it out you find an acid fast rod. Streak plates grew nothing. Most probable causative agent it |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the WBC's to leave the bloodstream and move to the site of infection in the tissues |
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Term
| Immunological memory (anamnestic response) prevents you from becoming sick with the same bug because... |
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Definition
| the time from contact to antibody response is dramatically shortened |
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Term
| After eating Salmon, you develop nausea, blurred vision, and you have a hard time getting your fingers to hold the phone to call the doctor. The salmon is cultured and an anaerobic spore forming rod is found. This is probably |
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Definition
| Clostridium Botulinum (From food poisoning) |
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Term
| Gr+ bacteria rarley infect the eyes because |
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Definition
| Lysozyme in tears ruptures the cell wall |
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Term
| Antibody Production is limited by the |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the Antigenic determants you find on the surface of a memory cell is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Capsules, Neurotoxins, and Hemolysins |
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Term
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Definition
| Gr+ Cocci which is normal skin flora, grows in bright yellow colonies, and is responsible for the unpleasant odor of old sweat socks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gr- organism responsible for Menigococcal meningitis |
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Term
| Coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, high fever, very pale skin, and thin. Chest X-ray shows calcified scar tissue bubbles in the lungs. This should be checked for |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
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Term
| Live mutant which attacks the fimbriae, vaccine developed for Gonorrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| Immunocomprimised, hacking cough, high fever, Sputum culture shows an assachrolytic, gr- diplococci, it is probably |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Normal Skin cocci which is a facultative anaerobe, produces ivory colonies, and is catalase positive |
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Term
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Definition
| A selective antibiotic used to treat children with |
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Term
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Definition
| The first person to cause the symptoms to come up with the illness |
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Term
| You draw blood samples from all the patients and find no bacteria. this means |
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Definition
| Nothing- Blood should be sterile |
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Term
| The conversion of glucose to inorganic end products requires |
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Definition
| Respiration and glycolysis |
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Term
If E.Coli is a facultative anaerobe which culture will produce the most lactic acid?
In glucose with O2
In Glucose without 02? |
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Definition
| Anaerobic does not require 02 to grow so it therefore does not need oxygen |
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Term
| If one recieves plasma what kind of immunization are they getting |
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Definition
| Passive Artificial immunization |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of genetic material via pilli |
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Term
| Wwhat is most effective at killing Candida?(people yeast) |
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Definition
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Term
| How can a microbe be highly pathogenic but have very low virulence |
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Definition
| Pathogenicity refers to the ability of an organism to infect a new host. Many organisms are easily transmitted, but lack virulence factors- things like toxins- which make them lethal to a host |
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Term
| what characteristics are unique about the bacterial genome |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a metabolic pathway |
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Definition
| Seriies of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
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Term
| Beneficial Effects of Microbes |
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Definition
| Food, beer, wine, yogurt, milk cheese bread vinegar, pickles... |
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Term
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Definition
| to stand still (stasis) to hold |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of the ideal antimicrobial drug |
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Definition
| highly toxic, cheap to make, low resistance, specific to bug |
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Term
| What are the primary "attack points" for antibiotics |
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Definition
| attack cell walls: peptidoglycan layer, 70s ribosomes |
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Term
| Why wont antibiotics work on viruses? |
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Definition
| They dont have peptidoglycan, dont have metabolism, no mitochondria. Basically all the targets are missing |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, viruses, fungus, bugs, that live in us and protect us. Ex. eyelashes, intestinal bugs provide nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of an organism to enter a host and cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree of damage by pathogen and how sick they make you. Toxins, Capsules, enzymes all work together against you |
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Term
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Definition
| place that will house the microbe and let it multiply |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually insects; transmits from one host to the other ex. malaria |
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Term
| What is the difference between T-Cell and B-Cell immunity? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes start out in the bone marrow and either stay there and mature into B-Cells or they leave for the thymus gland, where they mature into T-Cells. B-cells and T-cells have different jobs to do. B-lymphocytes seek out their targets and send defenses to lock onto them. The T-Cells will then destroy the invaders identified by the B-Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of B-Cells which originate in the bone marrow and stay there to mature. Memory against subsequent attacks |
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Term
| Cell Mediated Immune system |
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Definition
| Consists of T-Cells which originate in bone marrow but then go to the thymus to continue their development. These Destroy what the B-cells tell them to |
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Term
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Definition
| Fights viruses, cancer cells, and parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by double strand RNA and fights off viral infections and tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| Attack parasites and phagocyte antigen-antibody complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer of the bone marrow, typicall treated by killing the persons bone marrow, leaving them without any type of immune system. Must be extremely careful to avoid all possible pathogens. |
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Term
| Antibodies-(immunoglobulin) |
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Definition
| A protein produced by a B-lymphocyte that protects an organism against an antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only Antibody to cross placenta. Long term immunity, Memory Antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody on mucous membranes ex intestine, breast lung and genitourinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to antigens. many immune reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| B-cell activation, along with IgM |
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Term
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Definition
| Allergic reactions and worm infections Anaphylaxis, asthma... |
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Term
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Definition
| Can escape if mutated. Containing one or more pure or semi pure antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| Gr- Facultative rod, many animals and fish host the enteric form. Plague form in Rodents. Fleas act as a vector. Bubonic Plague transmittted by flea bite. Symptoms: Massive lymph nodes, high fever, extreme head and body aches, ecchymosis (bruising) Streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gr+ Rod, Spore former with very swollen central spores, strict anaerobe, will not tolerate acidic conditions, spores common in soil and water. Causes botulinism in food poisoning, Blurred vision, nausea, FLACCID PARALYSIS. Botox, Used to treat muscle spasms, cosmetic for wrinkles, migranes? Severe cross or wall eye |
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Term
| In bacteria nonessential genetic material is stored in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria derived from a single "parent" bug |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| If you want to find endospores, the best bacterial group to examine are the |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An outer mycolic acid layer is characteristic of |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Aerotolerant Organisms obtain energy through |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism which uses carbohydrates as a carbon source is |
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Definition
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Term
| New organism, has a cell wall and is a photoautotroph, which kindom does it belong to? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that developed a symbiosis with us |
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Term
| Patient has severe septicemia, (bllod infection) plating out blood samples shows nothing, but a chemical analysis of the blood shows peptidioglycan and Lipopolysaccaride. The patient has |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An organism that would grow well in the refrigerator |
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Term
| Organisms such as bacillus that convert nitrates to nitrogen are |
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Definition
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Term
| Endospores are highly resistant to heat and drying because |
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Definition
| they have almost no water |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms likely to affect humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary Stain in a gram stain |
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Term
| Ability of a virus to infect an organism is regulated by |
|
Definition
| the host species, the type of cells, and the availability of the attachment sites |
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Term
| E.Coli, Micrococcus Luteus, and Lactobacillus all have what in common |
|
Definition
| They are normal flora for humans |
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Term
Which organism survives longer in a gram of sugar?
A)Strict Aerobe
B)Strict Anaerobe |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Solid media made from dandelion flowers and grass clipping extract |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| An insect that acts like a hypodermic needle, transferring infection from one host to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial group that lives in Extreme, usually lethal conditions but survives just fine |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical which makes some bacteria acid fast |
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Term
|
Definition
| Highly toxic layer found in some bacterial walls, ruptures red blood cells. Produces pathological effects such as fever |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria that is used commercially |
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Term
| An organism which gets its energy from sulfur and Iron |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| single celled eukariotic organism which moves by pseudopods |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Things moving on a slide would usually be |
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Definition
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Term
| A camper takes a drink from a lake, and soon develops intestinal distress he probably picked up |
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Definition
| trophozoites- Common normal flora for deer, bear, moose, beaver..ect |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine, cytosine, uracil, and Guanine |
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Term
| Why is it difficult to kill spores? |
|
Definition
| The spore coat resists heat, chemicals and drying |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multicellular form of a virus |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic extensions used to transfer genetic material between bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exterior coating which alters the pathogenicity of bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| classic res infection, mutable virus with up to 8 strands of RNA, symptoms include, muscle ache, N, intestinal distress - are usually caused by secondary infections or you own immune sys |
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Term
|
Definition
| common DNA virus which can combine w/ environmental factors to produce cancers or mononucleosis; most people are carriers |
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Term
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Definition
| infection characterized by fever, rash, KOPLIK spots, possible res or auditory complications, RNA virus |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmitted by food or water, this RNA virus causes a self-limiting infection of the liver but produces no chronic carriers. |
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Term
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Definition
| "NEW" RNA virus , mice:vector, fluid in lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmitted intestingally, headache, stiff neck, paralysis & extreme pain by attacking the CNS, RNA virus |
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Term
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Definition
| common childhood infection characterized by small skin lesions which may cause a latent infection of the peripheral nerves, member of the herpes family |
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Term
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Definition
| trans by bld, causes liver infection associated w/ permanent liver damage and inc. risk of liver cancer; DNA virus |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| poison ivy is type I,II,III, or IV immune response |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumocystis carnii pneumonia and cryptosporidium are common _________________ allowed to colonize due to HIV |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| AIDS virus attacks the immune sys by destroying? |
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Definition
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Term
| A microbe which moves readily from pet to human is a ______________ |
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Definition
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