Term
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Definition
[image]
Initial antibody response is IgM, quickly turns into IgG. Specific to antigen, low affinity. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Memory B cells expand and differentiate into more memory and plasma cells. |
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Term
| Variolation def. (before vaccines) |
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Definition
| (1000-1400 CE) Taking a sample of smallpox from an infected person and introducing it into an uninfected person (variola virus) |
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Term
| What did Edward Janner do? |
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Definition
| (1789 CE) Created vaccinations for smallpox using cowpox |
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Term
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Definition
| Suspension of an organism or parts of an organism to induce immunity |
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Term
| Active vs. Passive vaccines |
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Definition
Active: Antigen exposure, stimulates immune system, antigen specific antibodies and T cells made (ex. vaccines)
Passive: Protectivre antibodies (ex. immunoglobin, antitoxins, breastfeeding |
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Term
| Active vs. Passive vaccines |
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Definition
Active: Antigen exposure, stimulates immune system, antigen specific antibodies and T cells made (ex. vaccines)
Passive: Protectivre antibodies (ex. immunoglobin, antitoxins, breastfeeding |
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Term
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Definition
Naturally acquired Active~ Exposure from antigens from illness, long-lasting
Naturally aquired Passive~ Transfer of anitbodies from mother to infant, lasts only as long as antibodies are present
Artificially acquired Active~ Exposure to antigens from vaccines (immunization), immune response without infection.
Artificially acquired Passive~ Injections of antibodies, short-lived but immediate |
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Term
| What are the requirements of an effective vaccine? |
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Definition
-It should not harm the person being vaccinated
-It should stimulate the adaptive immunity
-It should result in long-term memory
-It should not require many boosters
-It should protect against the natural pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
-Live, attenuated bacteria or viruses
-Inactive, killed
-DNA and RNA
-Purified components |
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Term
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Definition
| Killed pathogen, no replication, humoral immunity |
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Term
| Live, attenuated bacteria or viruses vaccine: |
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Definition
| Living pathogen with reduced virulence, possibility of mutation, cellular and humoral immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| Host cells produce antigen from DNA or RNA, mimics replication in APC cells |
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Term
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Definition
Subunit~ antigen fragments of a microbe, (ex. recombinant subunit vaccine), stimulate immune response
Toxoid~ inactivated toxins, stimulate production of antitoxin antibodies
Polysaccharide~ capsule molecules, not long-term, T-independent
Conjugated~ Polysaccharide bound to a carrier protein, T-dependent
Virus like particles~ virus particles with no genetic material, antigenic but do not harm |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase vaccine effectiveness (ex. alumns: recruit leukocytes at site of infection, antigen presentation via MHC II; CpG: mimics bacterial or viral DNA, TLR) |
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Term
| What immune responses do each kind of vaccine cause? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Large portion of the population is immunized (75% or more), limiting outbreaks
[image] |
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Term
| 2 requirements for diseases of Herd Immunity |
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Definition
-Contagious disease
-Transmitted between humans |
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Term
| What are the 2 arguments for vaccines to those who oppose them? |
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Definition
-Millions of lives are saved by vaccines
-Vaccines are extremely safe |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch of immunology that views the content of serum, specifically the concentration of antigens and antibodies |
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Term
| Sensitivity (of seriology) def. |
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Definition
How many antibody or antigen molecules must be present to result in a positive test/the lowest concentration the test can detect.
False negatives happen if concentration is below detection threshold. |
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Term
| Specificity (of serology) def. |
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Definition
Measures how selective an antibody is to an antigen.
False positives happen if test is not specific enough, and picks up on something similar. |
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Term
| Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) |
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Definition
| Antibodies produced from a single hybridoma clone, epitope-specific antibodies, good diagnostic |
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Term
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Definition
Cancerous cells fused with a normal antibody-producing B-cell to produce monoclonal antibodies rapidly, made from animal models
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Antiserum that contains all isotopes of with specificities of many epitopes of an antigen, less sensitive and less specific |
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Term
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Definition
Soluble antigens with antibodies, antibody-antigen complexes form interlocking molecules->precipitate, need optimal antibody to antigen ratio
[image] |
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Term
| Zone of equivalence (immunoprecipitation) |
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Definition
Antigens=antigen binding sites, visible precipitate
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Insoluble antigens on whole cell with antibodies, antibody-antigen complex identifies bacterial pathogen and blood type, clumping=positive result
[image]
Latex bead could be replaced with blood cell. |
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Term
| Immunofluorescence Microscopy |
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Definition
| Fluorecent dyes combined with antibodies attach to antigens, use fluorescent microscopy to identify microorganisms that are hard to grow |
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Term
| Direct vs. indirect immunofluorescence test |
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Definition
Direct~ reveals pathogenic organisms in tissue
Indirect~ reveals pathogen-specific antibodies in serum
[image] |
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Term
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
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Definition
| Enzyme-linked antibody, converts colorless substrate into a colorful product, can detect antibody or antigen |
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Term
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Definition
Detects antigen in patients serum, enzyme-conjugated antibody
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Detects primary antibody from patient's serum with known antigen, secondary conjugated antibody
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Detects antigen from patients serum using capture antibody, secondary antibody and enzyme-conjugated antibody
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| The measurement used to express antibody or antigen concentration in a solution |
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Term
| What can a sandwich ELISA detect? |
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Definition
-The titer of IgM antibody that binds to a specific antigen (means a new disease)
-The antigens in a patient's blood
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Antigen or antibody test using capillary action on an absorbant pad
Positive test has 2 lines (test and control)
[image] |
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Term
| Commercial Point-of-Care tests |
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Definition
Same concept as immunochromatographic, but specificity is sacrificed for rapid results
[image] |
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Term
| Advantages and disadvantages of Point-of-Care tests |
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Definition
Advantages:
-No culturing required
-Clinicians can immediately prescribe antibiotics and determine the chain of infection
Disadvantages:
-No data about pathogen antibiotic resistance
-Increased risk of clinician becoming infected
-Multiple infections may be overlooked |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which a pathogen causes a disease |
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Term
| What are the 5 steps of pathogenesis? |
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Definition
1. Entry into host
2. Attachment and colonization
3. Avoidance of host immunity
4. host damage
5. Exit from host |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits of a pathogen that enhance the pathogen's disease-causing ability |
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Term
| What are some examples of virulence factors? |
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Definition
-Pili
-Capsules
-Secretion systems
-Enzymes inactivating antibiotics
-Toxins |
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Term
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Definition
A region of DNA that has indicators that it came from another organism, recognized by different GC (nucleotide) content from the rest of the DNA
Contains gene homology to phage or plasmid genes
Encodes clusters of genes that increase host fitness
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| A genomic island that contains virulence factors |
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Term
| Ways of entry/exit into/from the host: |
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Definition
-The eye
-Fecal-oral route
-Respiratory route
-Skin
-Parenteral (bloodstream) route
-Urogenital route |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of a bacterial pathogen to spread rapidly through tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Entry of a pathogen into a living cell, where it then lives |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that breaks down the extracellular matrix of host tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that breaks down collagen in host tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbe factors that promote attachment (ex. pili/fimbriae or non-pilus adhesins) |
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Term
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Definition
Pilin protein~ identical repeating subunits
Adhesion protein~ binds to host cell receptors
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
1. Assembly starts with adhesion protein
2. Pilin proteins are added and push the tip further out
3. Tip binds to host
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Dynamic, thin, and flexible for twitching motility
[image] |
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Term
| Non-pilin adhesins characteristics and examples |
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Definition
-Often works in conjunction with pilin
-Often binds tighter than pilin
Ex. M proteins, Peractin |
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Term
| Why is biofilm formation helpful? |
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Definition
| Biofilms help microbes adhere to any surface, with nutrient flow, and quorum sensing |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular enzymes made by microbes to destroy IgA antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Altering surface antigens to evade the adaptive immune response
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Static, hair-like appendages used only for attachment
[image] |
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Term
| Capsules (Extra. pathogens) |
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Definition
Prevent phagocytes from binding, overriden by opsonization
[image] |
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Term
| Cell surface proteins (protein A) (Extra. pathogens) |
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Definition
Bind to the Fc region of antibodies (prevents antigen attachment
[image] |
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Term
| Enzymes (Extra. pathogens) |
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Definition
Degrade antibodies
[image] |
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Term
| Interfering with cytokine signaling (Extra. pathogens) |
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Definition
-Imitation of host cytokines
-Cause host to produce cytokines
[image] |
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Term
| Varying surface antigens (Extra. pathogens) |
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Definition
Avoid immune detection
[image] |
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Term
| Cell-cell communication (Extra. pathogens) |
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Definition
Can regulate virulence genes expression
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Live outside the cells of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| Avoid innate and humoral immune response by living inside host cells |
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Term
| Facultative intracellular pathogen |
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Definition
| Can invade host cells but can also survive outside of the host cell |
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Term
| Obligate intracellular pathogen |
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Definition
| Invade and reproduce inside a host cell only |
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Term
| Phagocytic pathway (Intra. pathogens) |
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Definition
Preventing fusion of phagosome with lysosome, then escape
[image] |
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Term
| Membrane ruffling (Intra. pathogens) |
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Definition
Type III secretes effector proteins that affect gene expression and loosen tight junctions
[image] |
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Term
| Ways to damage the host cell: |
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Definition
-Immunopathology~ immune response
-Microbial growth and metabolism (using host nutrients and direct damage to host cells)
-Toxins |
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Term
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Definition
Substance that binds to iron more tightly than human iron-binding proteins. Both humans and bacteria need iron to survive
[image] |
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Term
| How can microbes steal iron from a host? |
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Definition
-Siderophores
-Brusting RBCs using hemolysin (a toxin)
-Binding to host iron binding proteins (preventing host from binding iron) |
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Term
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Definition
| Poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms, often contributes to pathogenic properties, causes damage to host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Capacity to produce toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects of pathogenesis that is due to the toxin (not microbial growth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prescence of toxins in the blood, can be fatal (also fatal in lymph) |
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Term
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Definition
Exotoxins~ produced inside some bacteria as part of growth and metabolism, then released outside of the bacteria
Endotoxins~ toxin is part of the bacterial cells, released when cells divide or bacteria are destroyed |
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Term
| Two subunit AB toxins (exotoxin) |
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Definition
B subunit~ binds host cell receptors, delivery system, usually arranged in rings of 5
A subunit~ toxic, enzyme the transfers ADP ribose onto target, inactivating or altering it
[image] |
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Term
| 8 Exotoxic modes of action |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Part of the LPS on gram-negative bacteria, heat-stable, causes: fever, clotting factors, complement factors, vasodilation. shock, death
[image] |
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Term
| Bacterial source of exotoxins vs. endotoxins |
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Definition
Exotoxins~ gram-negative and gram-positive
Endotoxins~ gram-negative |
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Term
| Toxicity of exotoxins vs. endotoxins |
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Definition
Exotoxins~ high toxicity, small lethal dose
Endotoxins~ low toxicity, large lethal dose |
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Term
| Immunology of exotoxins vs. endotoxins |
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Definition
Exotoxins~ Can be converted to toxoids, neutralized by antitoxins
Endotoxins~ Not easily converted to toxoids, or neutralized by antitoxins |
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Term
| What do Secretion systems do? |
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Definition
| Deliver exotoxins and other secreted virulence proteins |
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Term
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Definition
General secretion pathway, SecA-dependent, delivers one effector per system
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| A bacterial export protein that exports virulence proteins to the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria |
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Term
| Type II secretion system: |
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Definition
General secretion pathway + 'piston' delivery, SecA-dependent, derived from type IV pili genes
[image] |
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Term
| Type III secretion system: |
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Definition
SecA independent, 'syringe-shaped', derived from flagella genes, secretes multiple effectors from the bacterial cytoplasm directly to the target host cell cytoplasm
[image] |
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Term
| Type IV secretion system: |
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Definition
Derived from conjugational DNA transfer genes, 'tube-shaped', secrete multiple effectors
[image] |
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Term
| 2 Ways for intracellular pathogens to bypass phagocytosis: |
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Definition
-Cytoskeleton arrangements
-Membrane ruffling |
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Term
| Parts of the Upper Respiratory system: |
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Definition
[-Nasal cavity
-Oral cavity
-Pharynx (throat)
-Larynx (voice box)]
-Middle ear
-Eustachian (auditory) tubes
-Other ducts and sinuses
[image] |
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Term
| Parts of the Lower Respiratory system: |
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Definition
-Trachea
-Bronchial tubes
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli (air sacs that exchange gas)
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulmonary alveoli are affected (inflamed or another issue) |
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Term
| Where are IgA antibodies secreted? |
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Definition
| Nasal cavity, mucus, tears |
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Term
| What does hair in nasal passages do? |
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Definition
| Filter particles, prevent from getting into the lungs |
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Term
| What does mucus and the mucociliary escalator do? |
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Definition
| Move inhaled particles out of the lungs, towards the throat |
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Term
| What do alveolar macrophages do? |
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Definition
| Locate, ingest, and destroy microbes in the lung tissue |
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Term
| Purpose of small intestine: |
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Definition
| Absorption: end products of digestion are diffused into the blood to be distributed throughout the body |
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Term
| Purpose of large intestine: |
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Definition
| Water and remaining nutrients are absorbed, end up with undigested solids (feces) |
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Term
| Parts of the Gastrointestinal tract: |
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Definition
-Oral cavity
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small and large intestines
Accessory structures outside of GI tract: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytize bacteria in the small intestine, produce defensins (antimicrobial peptides) |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease causing inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa, causes diarrhea/vomiting |
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Term
| Oral rehydration therapy def. |
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Definition
| Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe diarrhea with blood or mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| A toxin produced in or affecting the intestines |
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Term
| Infections vs. intoxication of GI tract: |
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Definition
Infection~ pathogen enters GI tract and divides, grow or pass through systemic organs, takes time, fever is common
Intoxication~ ingestion of preformed toxins, sudden, no fever |
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Term
| Purpose of digestive system: |
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Definition
| Break down food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste |
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