Term
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Definition
| The relationship between microbiota and the host |
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Term
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Definition
| One organism benefits, the other is unaffected |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One organism benefits, the other is harmed |
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Term
| Microbiome/microbiota def. |
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Definition
| All bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa that inhabit a human body |
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Term
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Definition
| All viruses in a human body |
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Term
| Transient microbiota def. |
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Definition
| The microbiome is present for days, weeks, or months, but ultimately doesn't persist (fluctuates) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the microbe to stay attached to the body surface and replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| Help microbiota attach to host cells |
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Term
| There are fewer microbial cells than human cells in your body. True or False? |
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Definition
| False, there are slightly more microbial cells than human cells |
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Term
| What are 2 ways bacteria communicate with the host? |
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Definition
- Changing host gene expression
- Changing production of anti-inflammatory signals |
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Term
| Gut-brain axis explanation |
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Definition
| Brain activity alters gut function (motility, secretion, etc.), and the microbiome can alter brain function (neurotransmitter release, mood behavior) |
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Term
| What are the 3 main pathways through which the microbiota and host communicate? |
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Definition
[image]
- Brain connectome
- Gut microbiome
- Gut connectome |
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Term
| What are some benefits of a microbiome? |
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Definition
- Food digestion
- Synthesizing compounds (eg, vitamins)
- Interfering w/ pathogen colonization (competing for attachment sites and food sources, synthesizing antimicrobial compounds)
- Training the immune system (immunomodulins) |
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Term
| What are some risks of a microbiome? |
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Definition
- Linked with negative mental disorders
- Microbiota in the wrong place cause infection and disease
- Can harm the immunocompromised (opportunistic pathogens)
- Misuse of antibiotics causes resistance |
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Term
| Dysbiosis def. & factors that cause it |
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Definition
| Altered balance of microbiome, caused by infections, antibiotics, diet, emotional stress, etc. |
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Term
| Hygiene hypothesis explanation |
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Definition
| Dramatic changes in human behavior influence the makeup of our microbiota (ex. clean water -> reduces fecal transmission of bacteria) |
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Term
| Where is the microbiome absent? |
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Definition
| The microbiome is absent in nearly all parts of the body that are closed cavities (eg brain cavity) |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of microorganisms that typically inhabit an environment |
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Term
| Are there more aerobes or anaerobes in the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Skin (epidermis): barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
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Definition
Barriers: pH 4-6, [high salt], low moisture, contains lysozyme
Microbiome: mostly gram +, eg. S. epidermidis
Dysbiosis: skin diseases, eg. rashes, acne, dermatitis |
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Term
| Disappearing microbiota hypothesis explanation & potential factors |
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Definition
| The decline of microbiota diversity may lead to increased health issues, factors include: increased incidence or introduction of new disease, and increasing rate of allergies/autoimmune disease |
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Term
| Why is the microbiome considered a 'virtual organ system'? |
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Definition
| The microbiome is composed of a variety of microorganisms that interact in complex ways within the human body |
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Term
| What factors influence a changing microbiome? |
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Definition
| Aging, diet, exercise, disease, etc. |
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Term
| The eye: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
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Definition
Barriers: low bioburden, lysozyme in tears, microbes washed away with tears
Microbiome: mostly transient bacteria
Dysbiosis: conjunctivitis (AKA pinkeye) |
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Term
| The nasal and oral cavities + pharynx: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
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Definition
Barriers: saliva washes away microbes, contains lysozyme
Microbiome: typically comes from mother's skin, eg. Streptococcus, Actinomyces
Dysbiosis: cavities and periodontal disease, dental procedures risk bacteremia~ bacteria getting into the bloodstream |
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Term
| What do Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius do in the oral cavity? |
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Definition
| They form a glycocalyx that firmly adheres them to the oral surfaces and each other |
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Term
| What causes dissolved tooth enamel and dental cavities? |
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Definition
| Fermentation of microbes on teeth -> causes acid production |
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Term
| The respiratory tract: microbiome, and dysbiosis |
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Definition
Upper respiratory~ contains most microbes, cilia keep most microbes in the nasopharynx
Lower respiratory~ mucociliary escalator sweeps foreign particles up and out of the lungs
Microbiome: Streptococcus, Veillonella, etc.
Dysbiosis: respiratory infections, can add to severity of COPD |
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Term
| The stomach: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
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Definition
Barriers:
- Stomach~ pH <4, lethal to most bacteria, low bioburden
- Mucous lining~ pH 5-6
Microbiome:
- Stomach~ Streptococcus and Veillonella
- Mucous lining~ Helicobacter pylori
Dysbiosis: malnutrition heightens stomach pH, H. pylori can cause gastritis, and gastric ulcers |
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Term
| The intestine: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
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Definition
Barriers:
- Duodenum & jejunum~ pH ~8, limits growth. high levels of bile salts
- Illeum and colon~ pH 5-7, lower levels of bile salts
Microbiome: mostly gram +, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla
Dysbiosis: bloating, flatulence, inflammatory bowel disease |
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Term
| What are some functions of GI microbiota? |
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Definition
- Ferment unused energy substrates
- Train the immune system
- Prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
- Regulate development of the gut
- Produce vitamins for the host
- Produce hormones to direct the host to store fats |
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Term
| How does the microbiome influence obesity? |
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Definition
1. H2 buildup from bacterial fermentation inhibits further fermentation
2. Methanogens oxidize H2, counteracting H2 buildup
3. Fermentation end products are used by human cells, resulting in weight gain |
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Term
| Genitourinary tract: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
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Definition
Barriers: vagina is pH ~4.5, urine washes microbes out
Microbiome: urinary bladder has small # of microbes, most are aerobes. urethra contains most microbes outside (S. epidermidis). vagina (Lactobaccillus spp.)
Dysbiosis: UTI of bladder or kidneys, yeast infections of vagina, correlation of microbiome to susceptibility to STDs |
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Term
| Prebiotics vs. Probiotics def. |
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Definition
Prebiotics~ non-digestible fibers that promote growth of beneficial bacteria
Probiotics~ beneficial bacteria consumed through fermented foods |
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Term
| What are 2 examples of extreme microbe therapy? |
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Definition
| Fecal Microbiota Transplant and Phage Therapy |
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