Term
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Definition
| If a molecule has two or more carbons and has a hydrogen present |
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Term
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Definition
| required by organisms n large amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| required by organisms in small amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| use reduced organic materials as their carbon douce (glucose, fats, proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| get their carbon from atmospheric CO2 and fix CO2 into organic materials |
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Term
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Definition
| trap light energy and is used to fix CO2 into organics |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidate organic molecules to produce energy |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidate inorganic materials to produce energy |
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Term
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Definition
| If the electrons come from organic material |
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Term
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Definition
| If the electrons come from inorganic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| energy source is from chemicals, with organic electrons that use organic carbon, they contribute to the carbon and nitrogen cycle and are used in industry to make foods and beverages (pathogens, animals) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy is from light, carbon source is from atmospheric CO2 and the electron source is from inorganic material like water, they are essential producers of organic materials, convert light energy into chemical energy (bacteria and plants) |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaning up spills using plants and microorganisms, Exxon Valdez oil spill added P and N to stimulate growth of microbes to break down the oil, the macroelements helped it grow better |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of molecules (anabolism) |
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Term
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Definition
| active transport, getting things in and out of the cell, getting rid of waste, secreting a toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| moving an organism, using flagella, or to move things around in the cytoplasm like when the cell divides by binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
| energy is stored in the phosphate bonds and is released when phosphate bonds are broken |
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Term
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Definition
| release energy, ATP --> ADP, highly exergonic |
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Term
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Definition
| requires energy, CO2 --> glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| use exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions to drive the reaction, the exergonic is highly exergonic so the the net reaction will be exergonic and release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that loses H, loses electrons, gains O, increases positive charge and decreases negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that gains H, gains electrons, loses O, decreases positive charge and increases negative charge |
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Term
| Standard reduction potential E0 |
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Definition
| more negative the E0 number the more likely it is to give up electrons, want to pair a negative number with a positive number in order to release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down molecules into smaller molecules (exergonic) |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizing larger molecules from smaller molecules (endergonic-requires energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| if oxygen accepts electrons taken from organic materials as the final step |
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Term
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Definition
| if something other than oxygen is the final electron acceptor |
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Term
| Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration |
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Definition
| uses glycolysis, TCA cycle, and electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
| multisubunit enzyme that acts as a proton channel and is a synthesizer that catalyzes ADP + Pi --> ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| many use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on oxygen availability |
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Term
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Definition
| must use anaerobic respiration if chemoorganoheterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| proteases digest proteins into amino acids, deamination of the amino acid is when an amino group is removed and then converted into pyruvate, acetyl CoA or TCA intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
| final electron acceptor is organic pyruvate, use glycolysis ONLY, no TCA or electron transport chain, oxidized NADH to NAD+, yields 2 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| capture sunlight energy, convert it into ATP and NADPH which is used to fix CO2 into organic material, O2 is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| light energy is trapped, converted into chemical energy (plants algae and some bacteria), trapped by chlorophylls, final electron acceptor NADP+ |
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Term
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Definition
| energy is used to fix CO2 into organic molecules, ATP and NADPH used to fix CO2 into glucose, NADPH is final electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| use just electron transport chain, oxidize inorganic materials, |
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Term
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Definition
| flow of genetic information from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| flow of genetic information within a cell from DNA to RNA to protein (central Dogma) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugar (deoxyribose 2' carbon H) or (ribose 2' carbon OH), Base (AGTC in DNA) and (AGUC in RNA), Phosphate (attached to 5' carbon) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugar and base, no phosphate yet |
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Term
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Definition
| A is paired with T and has two hydrogen bonds, C is paired with G and has three hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| double stranded, and antiparallel, have phosphodiester bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 circular chromosome, and plasmids-very small circular DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple linear chromosomes organized into nucleosomes, DNA wrapped in histones |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-conservative (1 new strand, 1 old) |
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Term
| DNA replication in prokaryotes |
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Definition
| 1 ori, bidirectional replication until whole circle done |
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Term
| DNA replication in eukaryotes |
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Definition
| multiple oris and replication forks used |
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Term
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Definition
| the spot at which the DNA helix is unwound and individual strands are replicated |
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