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Microbiology Exam 3
Microbiology Exam 3
49
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
11/13/2012

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Term
Organic Molecule
Definition
If a molecule has two or more carbons and has a hydrogen present
Term
Macroelements
Definition
required by organisms n large amounts
Term
Trace elements
Definition
required by organisms in small amounts
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
use reduced organic materials as their carbon douce (glucose, fats, proteins)
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
get their carbon from atmospheric CO2 and fix CO2 into organic materials
Term
Phototrophs
Definition
trap light energy and is used to fix CO2 into organics
Term
Chemoorganotrophs
Definition
oxidate organic molecules to produce energy
Term
Chemolithotrophs
Definition
oxidate inorganic materials to produce energy
Term
Organotroph
Definition
If the electrons come from organic material
Term
Lithotroph
Definition
If the electrons come from inorganic molecules
Term
Chemoorganoheterotrophs
Definition
energy source is from chemicals, with organic electrons that use organic carbon, they contribute to the carbon and nitrogen cycle and are used in industry to make foods and beverages (pathogens, animals)
Term
Photolithoautotrophs
Definition
energy is from light, carbon source is from atmospheric CO2 and the electron source is from inorganic material like water, they are essential producers of organic materials, convert light energy into chemical energy (bacteria and plants)
Term
bioremediation
Definition
cleaning up spills using plants and microorganisms, Exxon Valdez oil spill added P and N to stimulate growth of microbes to break down the oil, the macroelements helped it grow better
Term
Chemical work
Definition
synthesis of molecules (anabolism)
Term
Transport Work
Definition
active transport, getting things in and out of the cell, getting rid of waste, secreting a toxin
Term
Mechanical Work
Definition
moving an organism, using flagella, or to move things around in the cytoplasm like when the cell divides by binary fission
Term
ATP
Definition
energy is stored in the phosphate bonds and is released when phosphate bonds are broken
Term
Exergonic
Definition
release energy, ATP --> ADP, highly exergonic
Term
Endergonic
Definition
requires energy, CO2 --> glucose
Term
Coupled reactions
Definition
use exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions to drive the reaction, the exergonic is highly exergonic so the the net reaction will be exergonic and release energy
Term
Oxidized
Definition
a molecule that loses H, loses electrons, gains O, increases positive charge and decreases negative charge
Term
Reduction
Definition
a molecule that gains H, gains electrons, loses O, decreases positive charge and increases negative charge
Term
Standard reduction potential E0
Definition
more negative the E0 number the more likely it is to give up electrons, want to pair a negative number with a positive number in order to release energy
Term
Catabolism
Definition
breaking down molecules into smaller molecules (exergonic)
Term
Anabolism
Definition
synthesizing larger molecules from smaller molecules (endergonic-requires energy)
Term
Aerobic
Definition
if oxygen accepts electrons taken from organic materials as the final step
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
if something other than oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Term
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Definition
uses glycolysis, TCA cycle, and electron transport chain
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
multisubunit enzyme that acts as a proton channel and is a synthesizer that catalyzes ADP + Pi --> ATP
Term
Faculatative anaeroboes
Definition
many use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on oxygen availability
Term
Obligate anaerobes
Definition
must use anaerobic respiration if chemoorganoheterotrophs
Term
Proteins metabolism
Definition
proteases digest proteins into amino acids, deamination of the amino acid is when an amino group is removed and then converted into pyruvate, acetyl CoA or TCA intermediate
Term
Fermentation
Definition
final electron acceptor is organic pyruvate, use glycolysis ONLY, no TCA or electron transport chain, oxidized NADH to NAD+, yields 2 ATP
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
capture sunlight energy, convert it into ATP and NADPH which is used to fix CO2 into organic material, O2 is produced
Term
Light reactions
Definition
light energy is trapped, converted into chemical energy (plants algae and some bacteria), trapped by chlorophylls, final electron acceptor NADP+
Term
Dark reactions
Definition
energy is used to fix CO2 into organic molecules, ATP and NADPH used to fix CO2 into glucose, NADPH is final electron acceptor
Term
Chemolithoautotrophs
Definition
use just electron transport chain, oxidize inorganic materials,
Term
Replication
Definition
flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
Term
Gene expression
Definition
flow of genetic information within a cell from DNA to RNA to protein (central Dogma)
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
Sugar (deoxyribose 2' carbon H) or (ribose 2' carbon OH), Base (AGTC in DNA) and (AGUC in RNA), Phosphate (attached to 5' carbon)
Term
Nucleoside
Definition
Sugar and base, no phosphate yet
Term
Base pairing
Definition
A is paired with T and has two hydrogen bonds, C is paired with G and has three hydrogen bonds
Term
DNA
Definition
double stranded, and antiparallel, have phosphodiester bonds
Term
DNA in prokaryotes
Definition
1 circular chromosome, and plasmids-very small circular DNA
Term
DNA in Eukaryotes
Definition
multiple linear chromosomes organized into nucleosomes, DNA wrapped in histones
Term
DNA replication
Definition
semi-conservative (1 new strand, 1 old)
Term
DNA replication in prokaryotes
Definition
1 ori, bidirectional replication until whole circle done
Term
DNA replication in eukaryotes
Definition
multiple oris and replication forks used
Term
Replication fork
Definition
the spot at which the DNA helix is unwound and individual strands are replicated
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